CHAPTER 6. CoverAGE DiaGRaMs 
CHAPTER 7. PROPAGATION ASPECTS OF 
Optical and Diffraction Regions 379; Nature of the 
Radiation Field in the Standard Atmosphere 380; 
Propagation Factors in the Interference Region 383; 
Propagation Factors 383; Spreading Effect 383; 
Interference 383; Imperfect Reflection 383; Diver- 
gence 384; Antenna Gain and Directivity 384; 
General Solution 385; Generalized Reflection Coeffi- 
cient 385; Plane Earth 385; Use of Plane Earth 
Formula 385; Path Difference 386; Field Strength 
Equations 386; Spherical Earth 387; Measurement 
of Distance 387; Equivalent Heights 387; Angles 387 
Determination of Reflection Point (d,) 387; Path 
Difference 389; Divergence Factor 390; Parameters 
p and q 390; Generalized Coordinates 391; Illustra- 
tive Calculations for the Optical Interference Region 
394; Introduction 394; Problem of Type I. Radio 
Gain for Fixed Heights and Distance 396; Type II. 
Radio Gain Versus Receiver Height for Given Dis- 
tance 397; Type III. Radio Gain Versus Distance 
for Given Antenna Heights 398; Type IV. Determi- 
nation of Contours along Which Gain Factor A 
Has a Given Value, the Transmitter Height and 
Wavelength Being Given 400; Maximum Range 
Versus Receiver (or Target) Height 403; Below the 
Interference Region 404; Analysis of the First Mode 
404; Effect of Changing the Value of k 408; Graphs 
for the Case of the Dielectric Earth (6 >>1) 413; 
Sea Water, VHF, Vertical Polarization 416; Radio 
Gain Near the Line of Sight 419; General Solution 
for Vertical (or Horizontal) Dipole over a Smooth 
Sphere 421; Sample Calculation for Very Dry Soil 
428. 9 
Definitions 433; Plane Earth 433; Field Strength 433; 
Angles of Lobe Maxima (Horizontal Polarization) 
433; Angles of Lobe Maxima (Vertical Polarization) 
434; Lobe Equation 434; Spherical Earth 434; Lobe 
Characteristics 434; The p-q Method (Horizontal 
Polarization) 436; Outline of Method 436; Con- 
struction of Range Loci 436; Construction of Path- 
Difference Loci 438; The u-v Method 438; Outline of 
Method 438; Construction of Lobes (Horizontal 
Polarization) 438; Construction of Lobes (Vertical 
Polarization) 440; Lobe-Angle Method (Horizontal 
Polarization) 441; Outline of Method 441; Basic 
Relations 441; Reflection-Point Curves 441; Lobe 
Angles with Horizontal 442; Use of Modified Diver- 
gence Factor 442; Construction of Lobes 442; Cor- 
rection for Low Angles 444; Lobe-Angle Method 
(Vertical Polarization) 445; Angles of Lobe Maxima 
445: Construction of Lobes 445; Generalized Cover- 
age Diagrams (Horizontal Polarization) 446; Basic 
Parameters 446; Determination of dp 446; Determin- 
ation of r 446; Use of Charts 447. _ 
EQuiPpMENT 
OPERATION Ey sacinclae crite erect see teeters 
CONTENTS 
Page 
CuHapTer 8. DIFFRACTION BY TERRAIN 
CHAPTER 9. TARGETS 
433 
Cxarter 10. Sitine 
APPENDIX. 'TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS 
General Problem 454; Introduction 454; The Per- 
formance Figure and Efficiency 454; Effect of Re- 
flection 454; Signal-to-Noise Ratio 455; Calibration 
of an A Scope 455; Free Space — High-Angle Cover- 
age 456; Maximum Range Formulas 456; Deviation 
from Maximum of Beam 456; Performance Figure 
456; Radar Cross Section 456; Low-Angle and Surface 
Coverage 456; Maximum Range 456; Ducts and Set 
Performance 457; Low Heights and Plane Harth 
Range 457; Maximum Range Versus Height Curves 
457; Estimating Ship Size 458; Performance Check 
458; Data on Equipment 460. 
Outline of Theory 461; Introduction 461; The Fresnel 
Diffraction Theory 461; Mechanism of Diffraction 
461; The Straight Edge Formula 462; The Fresnel 
Integrals 462; Application to:Straight Edge 463; 
Polarization. Large Angles 464; Digression on 
Fresnel’s Theory 465; Fresnel Zones 465; Diffraction 
by a Slot 465; Diffraction by Hills 465; Introduction 
465; Criterion for Roughness 466; Diffraction by a 
Straight Ridge 466; Field Near the Line of Sight 
467; Diffraction with Reflecting Ground 467; 
Diffraction by Coasts 468; Introduction 468; Level 
Site near Coast 468; Equation for Field Strength 
469; Example 469; Cliff Site 470. 
Scattering Parameters 471; Radar Cross Section 471; 
Target Gain 471; Echo Constant 471; Equivalent 
Plate Area 471; Scattering Coefficient of Character- 
istic Length 471; Radar Cross Section of Simple 
Forms 472; Spheres 472; Cylinders 472; Plates 472; 
‘Corner Reflectors 472; Aircraft 473; Variation with 
Aspect 473; Measurement of o 473. 
General 474; Siting Requirements 474; Topography 
of Siting 474; Profiles 474; Geometrical Limits of Visz- 
Page 
461 
471 
474 
bility 475; Horizon Formulas 475; Height of Ob- - 
stacle 476; Extended Obstacle 476; Degree of 
Shielding 476; Permanent Echoes 477; Permanent 
Echo Diagrams 477; Shielding 477; Prediction of 
Permanent Echoes 478; Prediction by the Profile 
Method 478; Effect of Trees, Jungle, etc. 480; The 
Effect of Trees 480; The Effect of Jungles 480; 
Effect on Microwaves 480. 
Massachusetts Bay 481; Near San Diego 485; 
Arizona 486; Antigua, West Indies 487; England 
489. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY). </e0- caus siete sstmedeete ies See el etneeiepsk sorta 
Appendix Bibliography 514; Bibliography — Vol- 
ume I 515; Bibliography — Volume II 527; General 
Bibliography 530. 
481 
512 
514 
