CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS 
Absorption of Radio Waves by Spherical Particles 
271; The Scattering Amplitudes a,’ and b,* 275; The 
Attenuation of Radio Waves by Spherical Rain- 
drops 277; Typical Data on Clouds, Fogs, and 
Rains 279; Attenuation by Idealized Precipitation 
Forms 281; The Scattering of Microwaves by Spher- 
ical Raindrops 284; Back Scattering (Echoes) 286; 
‘Summary 289; K-Band Absorption — Experimental 
292: Absorption of K-Band Radiation by Water 
Vapor 293; K-Band Attenuation Due to Rainfall 295; 
Introdi ction 295; Rainfall Intensity 295; Radio 
Equipment 295; Analysis 296; Absorption of Micro- 
waves by the Atmosphere, British Work 297; Dielectric 
Constant and Loss Factor of Liquid Water and the 
Atmosphere 297; Experimental Methods 297; Labor- 
atory Measurements of Dielectric Properties 302. 
CONTENTS 
Page 
CHAPTER 7. 
CHAPTER 8. ANGLE-OF-ARRIVAL MEASUREMENTS 
304; Comparison with Ryde’s Theory 304; The 
Best Frequency for Storm Detection 304; Ultimate 
Range — Greater Range of a Production Set 304; 
S-Band Radar Echoes from Snow 305. 
ECHOES AND TARGETS...........0000055 
Fluctuations of Radar Echoes 306; Interference Con- 
cept 306; Assemblies of Random Scatterers 307; 
Ground Clutter 307; Targets Viewed over Water 
307; The Frequency Dependence of Sea Echo 310; 
The Dependence of Signal Threshold Power on 
Receiver Parameters 312; Radar Scattering over Cross- 
Section Area 316 
Angle-of-Arrival Measurements in the X Band 318; 
Meteorological Analysis of Angle-of-Arrival Measure- 
CuapTer 6. STORM DETECTION................-.... 303 ments 319; Purpose 319; Theory 320; Analysis of the 
Storm Detection by Radar 303; Procedure 303; BTL New York-to-Beer’s Hill Circuit 320; The 
Weather Information 303; Correlations 303; Corre- Angle of Arrival Deduced from Type Cases of 
lations with Echo 304: Correlations with Weather Atmospheric Stratification 321; Comparison of 
Stations 304; Résumé of Correlations 304; Fraction Computed to Measured Angle of Arrival 323; 
Detected by Radar of Total Quantity of Rainfall Conclusions 324. 
Volume III 
THE PROPAGATION OF RADIO WAVES THROUGH THE STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 
CHaApTerR 1. PROPAGATION oF Rapio Waves: INTRO- 
DUCTION AND OBJECTIVES. ........---..-2-0205- 
Factors Influencing Propagation 327; Fundamental 
Problems and Limitations 327; Meaning of Propaga- 
tion 327; Atmosphere Layers 327; Standard Atmos- 
phere 328; Propagation in the Moist Standard 
Atmosphere 329; Propagation in Nonstandard 
Atmospheres 329; Radio Gain 330; Radio Gain of 
Doublet Antennas in Free Space 330; Survey of 
Propagation 331; Outline 331; Factors Modifying 
Transmission 331; General Nature of the Radiation 
Field 332; Typical Radio Gain Curves 333; Units 
and Frequency Ranges 335; Units 335; Symbols for 
Frequency Ranges 335. 
The Electric Doublet in Free Space 336; Radiation of 
an Electric Doublet 336; Reception by an Electric 
Doublet 337; Transmission between Doublets in 
Free Space 338; Power Transmission Reciprocity 339 
Radio Gain 339; Antenna Gain Polarization 339; 
The Reciprocity Principle 340; Recezver Sensitivity 
340; Thermal Noise 340; Noise Figure 341; Re- 
ceiver Sensitivity 341; Measurement of the Noise 
Figure 341; Sensitivity of Radar Receivers 342; 
Radar Cross Section and Gain 342; Radar Cross 
Section 342; Radar Gain 343. 
CHAPTER 3. ANTENNAS........-....--0000 cece eee 
Fundamentals 345; Function of Antennas 345; 
Directive Antennas 345; Antenna Pattern Factors 
in Ground Reflection 345; Standing-Wave Antennas 
346; Resonant Antennas 346; Traveling-Wave An- 
tennas 346; Radiation Resistance 346; Influence of 
Near-by Conducting Bodies 347; Standing-Wave 
Antennas 347; Linear Antennas 347; Half-Wave 
Antennas 347; Half-Wave Dipole 347; Modifica- 
tions of the Half-Wave Dipole 349; Multiple Half- 
Wave Long Antennas 350; Cophased Half-Wave 
Dipoles 350; Effects of Finite Diameter on Center- 
327 
336 
Fed Linear Antennas 351; Standing-Wave V An- 
tennas 353; Traveling-Wave Antennas 353; Field 
and Pattern 353; Traveling-Wave V Antennas 353; 
Rhombie Antennas 354; Antenna Arrays 355; 
Principle of Arrays 355; Basic Types of Dipole 
Arrays 355; Two-Dipole Side-by-Side Array 355; 
Two-Dipole Colinear Array 356; One-Dimensional 
Array 356; Unidirectional Broadside and Colinear 
Arrays 358; Multidimensional Arrays 359; Binomial 
Arrays 359; Ring Arrays 359; Parasitic Reflectors and 
Directors 360; Parasitic Antennas 360; Half-Wave 
Dipole and Parasite 360; Multiple Parasites. Yagi 
Antennas 361; Reflecting Screens 361 Corner- 
Reflector Antenna 362; Parabolic Hlements362; Para- 
bolic Reflectors 362; Horns 363; Types of Horns 363; 
Sectoral Horn with 7'E;,9 Wave 363. 
Cuaprer 4. Factors INFLUENCING TRANSMISSION... . 
345 
CuaPtTer 5. CALCULATION or RapiIo GAIN 
Refraction 364; Survey 364; Snell’s Law 364; Modi- 
fied Refractive Index 365; Graphical Representa- 
tion 365; Curvature Relationships 366; Alternate 
Method 367; Computation of Refractive Index 367; 
Atmospheric Stratification 368; Direct Determina- 
tion of k 370; Ground Reflection 370; Ground Reflec- 
tion and Coverage 370; Complexity of Reflection 
Problem 370; Plane Reflecting Surface 371; Fresnel’s 
Formulas 371; The Complex Dielectric Constant of 
Water 372; Overland Transmission 374; Con- 
ductivity of Soil 374: Dielectric Constant of Soil 
374; The Divergence Factor 374; Irregularity of 
Ground 375; Diffraction ‘(General Survey) 375; 
Definition 375; Diffraction by Earth’s Curvature 
375; Diffraction by Terrain 375; Diffraction by Tar- 
gets 376. 
Introduction 377; Objectives 377; Definitions Rela- 
tive to Radio Gain 377; Factors Affecting Attenua- 
tion and Gain 378; Simplifying Assumptions 378; 
Curved-Harth Geometrical Relationships 378; 
Page 
306 
318 
364 
377 
