Vill 
Coastal Conditions 155; Ducts over the Open Ocean 
156; Nocturnal Cooling — Daily Variations 157; 
Fog 157; Subsidence — Dynamic FEffects 158; 
Seasonal and Global Aspects of Superrefraction 
159; Fluctuations in Signal Strength with Time 160; 
Scattering and Absorption by Water Drops 164; 
Snell’s Law 164. 
CuapTerR 14. THEORETICAL TREATMENT OF NONSTAND- 
ARD PROPAGATION IN THE DIFFRACTION ZONE..... 
CHAPTER 15. CHARACTERISTIC VALUES FOR THE FIRST 
MopE FoR THE BILINEAR M CurvE............ 
CuapTer 16. INctprentT LEAKAGE IN A SURFACE Ducr 
Calculations for the First Mode of the Bilinear Model 
173; Calculations for the Second and Higher Modes of 
the Bilinear Model 174. 
CuapTEeR 17. THE SOLUTION OF THE PROPAGATION 
EQuaTION IN TERMS OF HANKEL FUNCTIONS..... 
CuyapTER 18. ATTENUATION DIAGRAMS FOR SURFACE 
CHAPTER 19. APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF GUIDED PRop- 
AGATION IN A NONHOMOGENEOUS ATMOSPHERE. ... . 
CONTENTS 
Page 
166 
168 
173 
176 
178 
181 
Cuaprer 20. Some THEORETICAL RESULTS oN Non- 
STANDARD PROPAGATION.....................-- 
Propagation in the Oceanic Surface Duct 183; Charac- 
teristic Values for a Continuously Varying Modified 
Index 183. 
CuHaPTER 21. PERTURBATION THEORY FOR AN EXPONEN- 
TIAL M Curve IN NONSTANDARD PROPAGATION... . 
Abstract 185; Introduction 185; Formal Solution of 
the Problem by the Perturbation Method 186; Evalua- 
tion of Bnm(X) as an Indefinite Integral 187; Properties 
of Bnm (A) 188; Iteration Method of Solving for the 
Characteristic Values Dj,and the Coefficients Akm188; 
Expansion of Dj, into a Power Series in a 189; Appli- 
cability of Perturbation Method to a More General 
Class of M Anomalies 189; Computational Program 
for the Exponential Model 190; Symbols for Use in 
Theory of Nonstandard Propagation 190. 
CHAPTER 22. Frrst OrpDER EstiIMATION oF RaDAR 
RANGES OVER THE OPEN OCEAN................. 
CuapTeR 23. CONVERGENCE Errects IN REFLECTIONS 
FROM TROPOSPHERIC LAYERS................... 
Convergence Factor 193; Roughness Effect 193; Con- 
clusions 194. 
Volume II 
RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION EXPERIMENTS 
PART I METEOROLOGY 
CuaprEerR 1. Mrrrorotocy — THEORY.............. 
Modification of Warm Air by a Cold Water Surface 
197; Diffusion Equation 197; Discussion of Pro- 
cedure 197; Previous Investigations 198; Conclusion 
199; Difficulties of Low-Level Diffusion Problems 199; 
Preliminary Results of Meteorological Measurements 
in Massachusetts Bay 200; Modification of Air Flow- 
ing over Water 200; The M Deficit 200; Neutral 
Equilibrium 201; Unstable Equilibrium 201; Stable 
Equilibrium 201; Meteorology of the San Diego Trans- 
mission Experiments 202; Methods of Observation 
202; The San Diego High Inversion 203; Shape of 
the Inversion Surface 204; Tables for Computing the 
Modified Index of Refraction, M 206; Introduction 
206; Use of Tables 206; Procedure Used in Setting 
up Tables 207; Diurnal Variation of the Gradient of 
Modified M Index 219; Temperature Lapse Rates 
over Land 219; Temperature Lapse Rates over the 
Sea 219; Vertical Vapor Pressure Gradients 219; 
Vertical M Gradient 220; Determining Fluctuations 
in Refractive Index near Land or Sea 220; Gravita- 
tional Waves and Temperature Inversions 222; Anal- 
ysis of Ducts in the TradeWind Regions 223; Hlevated 
Ducts 223; Surface Ducts 225; Experimental Evi- 
dence 225; Conclusions 225. 
Cuaprer 2. METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT FOR SHORT 
Meteorological Equipment for Propagation Studies 
226; Outline of Problem 226; Wet and Dry Bulb 
Methods 226; Temperature and Humidity Resist- 
ance Elements 227; Circuit Design for Resistor Ele- 
ments 228; Anemometers 229; Semipermanent In- 
226 
stallations 229; Measurements on Board Planes and 
Dirigibles 229; Captive Balloon Sondes and Kites 
230; Automatic Recording of Meteorological Sound- 
ings 232. 
CHAPTER 3. METEOROLOGY — FORECASTING......... 
Forecasting Temperature and Moisture Distribution 
over Massachusetts Bay 235; Meteorological Observa- 
tions 235; Forecast Program 235; Army Analysis 
and Forecasts 235; How the Forecast is Made 236; 
Radar Propagation Forecasting 237; Application of 
Forecasting Techniques and Climatology 244; Radio- 
Meteorology 245; Specific Relationships Between 
Meteorological Elements and Radar Performance 
249; Computed Climatological Information on 
Surface Ducts 251; Direct Indications of Non- 
standard Conditions in the Western Pacific 254; 
Appendix 256. 
PART II MISCELLANEOUS EXPERIMENTS 
Cuapter 4. REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS............. 
Reflection Coefficient Measurements at the Radiation 
Laboratory 259; Earth Constants in the Microwave 
Range 260; Reflection Coefficients 260; Summary of 
Experimental Investigations on Reflection 265; 
Specular Reflection and Scattering 267; Measure- 
ments of the Reflection Coefficient of Land at Centi- 
meter Wavelengths, Carried Out at National Physical 
Laboratory 268. 
CxapPter 5. DrELEcTRIc Constant, ABSORPTION AND 
ScCATTERING....... POAGsdOMaaBaDsovedcodonecso 
Absorption and Scattering of Microwaves by the 
Atmosphere 269; Introduction 269; Scattering and 
Page 
183 
185 
191 
193 
235 
259 
269 
