From a management viewpoint. 51 



viously this difference is entirely a matter of labor cost and shows the necessity 

 of paying all possible attention to man efficiency and making every effort to bring 

 it up to a standard. It is suggested that standards be set in accordance with the 

 following table which represents actual performance on cargo ships in going yards 

 for an equivalent period of 120 months: — 



The values of "b" corresponding to the different man standards for ships of 

 different tonnage is included in the above table because it is the basis for figuring 

 the number of men per way to attain the given standard. (The values of "b" listed 

 were derived from actual performance in twenty-three yards. Of these yards 37 

 per cent manufactured engines and boilers, 32 per cent either engines or boilers, 

 and the balance, 32 per cent, neither engines nor boilers. This is mentioned that 

 proper allowance may be made in the use of the formula for individual yards.) 



Plates 25 and 26 show the man standards and values of "b" in the form of curves 

 for cargo ships from 3,000 deadweight tons to 13,000 deadweight tons based on 45 

 deadweight tons per man per year, for a 7,500 deadweight-ton cargo vessel. 



The main value of standards of any kind is the use to which they are put in 

 practice. It is a very grave mistake to utilize them only for executives that they 

 may be kept conversant with performance. As a matter of fact much better re- 

 sults would be obtained if they were used for the information of the men doing 

 the work. The common-sense way of using them is to present performance re- 

 ferred to standards to both the men and executives. In practice, performance with 

 reference to standards is best presented to executives on a cost basis and to the 

 men on a productive basis. 



Ship construction depends primarily on a balance being maintained between 

 fabricating, erecting and rivetting, with outfitting and machinery installation de- 

 pending on the progress of these three elements. That the standards set may be 

 used to best advantage, Plates 27, 28 and 29 are suggested as a form for presenting 

 performance to the men. In the writer's opinion little or nothing is accomplished 

 by presenting mere figures, from day to day, of the previous day's performance. 

 Graphical records are much simpler to grasp at a glance and tell the story as a 

 picture. Owing to the natural varying rate of ship construction, from day to day, 

 the system of averages is used. 



Plates 27, 28 and 29 are based on building 7,500 deadweight-ton cargo vessels in 

 a five- way yard with 150 tons fabricating capacity on a predetermined 75-30 build- 

 ing program. (Reference to Plates 21 and 23 will show that this will be the most 

 economical program only if the man efficiency is 65 deadweight tons per man per 

 year or over.) Average daily performance by weeks is shown graphically, while 



