GERMAN SUBMARINES IN PARTICULAR. 121 



(aa) Air bottles — mostly stowed in superstructure. 



C. — The outstanding important features of these boats are: — Excellent engines, 

 excellent periscopes, double-hull protection, large surface radius of action. 



D. — A few of the objectionable features and defects may be briefly enu- 

 merated : — 



1. No effort made to insulate auxiliaries. 



2. Apparently little effort made to eliminate noise of auxiliaries. 



3. Elaborate ventilation and cross connections. 



4. Elaborate air purifying installations. Altogether too elaborate. 



5. Superabundance of shafting running from control room. 



6. Bulkheads penetrated by myriads of leads of all kinds. 



7. Only one hatch in UC. conning-tower — an element of weakness. 



8. Batteries are inaccessible except in UE. and UA. classes. 



9. Folding wireless masts — heavy, awkward, and cumbersome installation. 



TO. Many emergency leads and connections of all kinds. Altogether too many. 



11. Much space given up to officers' quarters and chief petty officers; not 

 much space or comfort for crews. 



12. Little attention paid to hull excrescences. 



13. Submerged speed considered of minor importance. 



14. Boats are not well designed as to exterior of hull, so far as speed is con- 

 cerned, either surface or submerged. 



15. With the horse-power the engines give, greater speeds should and could be 

 obtained. 



16. Boats are crowded, congested, complicated and filled with "gadgets" of all 

 kinds. 



17. There is a good deal of doubt about the stability of the mine-laying 

 cruisers, and the large cruisers, particularly submerged stability. Ample evidence 

 was obtained to show that the Germans considered this a very serious question with 

 regard to these boats and various modifications and alterations were under way to 

 improve the stability of these designs. 



It is quite apparent that the trend of the German submarine construction was 

 to give the U. S. A. a thorough taste of "Frightfulness" in the spring of 1919. 



DISCUSSION. 



The President : — Gentlemen, Commander Land's paper entitled "Submarines in Gen- 

 eral — ^German Submarines in Particular," is before you for discussion, and I trust that some- 

 one will take up the discussion. It may be a little helpful to you to have the Chair refer to 

 some ancient history. In coming to New York on the train a few days ago I began to glance 

 over the list of the papers read before this Society — not a very exacting mental perform- 



