Sec. 45.21 



FRICTION-RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS 



125 



the time product of the additional A^Cf for the 

 first 5.4 months is less than the time product of 

 the additional ApCp for the last 4.8 or more 

 months that would have been involved if the 

 hot-plastic coating had not been used. The 

 respective areas on the plot are indicated by 

 different angles of hatching. 



Needless to say, what is needed is an anti- 

 fouling paint with the smoothness of a self- 

 leveling coating and the anti-fouling effectiveness 

 of hot plastic. The vinyl resin paints show promise 

 along both these lines. 



45.21 References Relating to Fouling as Af- 

 fecting Ship Propulsion. There are listed here- 

 under the principal references relating to the 

 fouling of ships as affecting resistance and pro- 

 pulsion. Among these sources from the literature, 

 the reader's attention is called particularly to 

 the pamphlet by Dr. J. Paul Visscher, numbered 

 (9) in the list, and to the book "Marine Fouhng 

 and Its Prevention," prepared by the Woods Hole 

 Oceanographic Institution and published by the 

 U. S. Naval Institute in 1952. Each chapter of 

 this book is terminated by a generous list of 

 references, but unfortunately none of these 

 chapters discusses the quantitative effect of 

 fouling on ship resistance. 



(1) Young, C. F. T., "The Fouling and Corrosion of Iron 



Ships: Their Causes and Means of Prevention, with 

 the Mode of Application to Existing Ironclads," 

 (England), 1867 



(2) Lewes, V. B., "The Corrosion and Fouling of Steel 



and Iron Ships," INA, 1889, Vol. XXX, pp. 

 362-389 



(3) McEntee, W., "Variation of Frictional Resistance of 



Ships with Condition of Wetted Surface," SNAME, 

 1915, pp. 37-42 



(4) McEntee, W., "Notes from the Model Basin," 



SNAME, 1916, pp. 85-90 



(5) Smith, W. W., "The Effect of Wind and Fouling 



Resistances on U.S.S. Neptune," SNAME, 1917, 

 pp. 41-72 



(6) Williams, H., "Notes on Fouling of Ship's Bottoms 



and the Effect on Fuel Consumption," ASNE, 

 May 1923, Vol. XXXV, pp. 357-374. Abstracted 

 in SBSR, 16 Aug 1923, pp. 180-181 and 190-192. 



(7) Gardner, H. A., "Toxic Compositions to Prevent 



the Fouling of Steel Ships and to Preserve Wood 

 Bottoms," Paint Mfrs. Ass'n. of U. S., Sci. Sect. 

 No. 259, Jan 1926, pp. 232-270 



(8) Telfer, E. V., "The Practical Analysis of Merchant 



Ship Trials and Service Performance," NECI, 

 1926-1927, Vol. XLII, pp. 63-98 and 125-143 



(9) Visscher, J. P., "Nature and Extent of Fouling of 



Ship's Bottoms," Bu. Fisheries, Dept. Commerce, 

 Document 1031, 1927, Vol. XLIII, Part II 



(10) Taylor, .1. L., "Statistical Analysis of Voyage Ab- 



stracts," INA, 1928, pp. 259-269 



(11) Roop, W. P., "Frictional Resistance of Ship Models," 



SNAME, 1929, pp. 45-64 



(12) Davis, H. F. D., "The Increase in S.H.P. and R.P.M. 



due to Fouling," ASNE, Feb 1930, pp. 15.5-166 



(13) Holm, W. J., "Tactical Horsepower of Submarines," 



USNI, Dec 1931, pp. 1616-1620. Discusses the 

 limitations imposed on speed and rpm (hence 

 speed) of submarines driven by Diesel engines due 

 to restrictions on maximum mean effective pressure 

 developed in the engines. Makes out an argument 

 for reducing the pitch of the propellers to suit a 

 condition of partly foul bottom and shows that 

 a pure electric-drive installation would be superior 

 in point of useful horsepower developed for whole 

 period between dockings. Gives curves of Ps , rpm, 

 and speed of submarines for various months out of 

 dock (in tropical waters). 



(14) Smith, W. W., Discussion, SNAME, 1932, p. 305 



(15) "Effect of Fouling of a Ship's Bottom Upon Power 



and Cost of Operation," Nat. Council Am. Ship- 

 bldrs.. Bull. 246, 23 Aug 1932; also Naut. Gaz., 

 3 Sep 1932; MESA, Sep 19.32 



(16) Prandtl, L., and Schlichting, H., "Das Widerstands- 



gesetz Rauher Flatten (The Law of Resistance for 

 Rough Plates)," WRH, 1 Jan 1934, pp. 1-4 



(17) Pitre, A. S., and Thews, J. G., "Fouling of Ships' 



Bottoms; Effect of Physical Character of Surface," 

 EMB Rep. 398, Apr 1935 



(18) Kempf, G., "On the Effect of Roughness on the 



Resistance of Ships," INA, 1937, pp. 109-119, 

 137-158, eap. pp. 117-119 



(19) Stevens, E. A., Jr., "The Increase in Frictional 



Resistance Due to The Action of Water on Bottom 

 Paint," ASNE, Nov 1937, pp. 585-588 



(20) Gawn, R. W. L., "Roughened Hull Surface," NECI, 



1941-1942, Vol. LVIII, pp. 245-272 and D143- 

 D152a; "Roughened Hull Surface," SBSR, 11 Jun 



1942, p. 608 



(21) Baker, G. S., "Ship Efficiency and Economy," 



Liverpool, 1942, pp. 1-14 



(22) Bengough, G. D., "Hull Corrosion and Fouling," 



NECI, 1942-1943, Vol. 59, pp. 183-206 and 

 D123-D136 



(23) Taylor, D. W., "The Speed and Power of Ships," 



1943, pp. 37-38 



(24) Bengough, G. D., and Shepheard, V. G., "The Corro- 



sion and Fouling of Ships," INA, 1943, pp. 1-34 



(25) "Fouling of Ships' Bottoms: Identification of Marine 



Growths," Jour. Iron and Steel Inst., Great 

 Britain, 1944 



(26) "Docking Report Manual: Instructions Regarding 



the Docking Report and Guide to Fouling Organ- 

 isms," Bureau of Ships, Navy Dept., Washington, 

 1944 



(27) Harris, J. E., and Forbes, W. A. D., "Under-Water 



Paints and the Fouling of Ships," INA, 1946, pp. 

 240-267 



(28) Graham, D. P., "Some Factors in the Use of Plastic 



Ship-Bottom Paints by the U. S. Navy," SNAME, 

 I 1947, pp. 202-243 



