Sec. 45.26 



FRICTION-RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS 



131 



Fig. 3 on p. 115 gives friction coefficients of ships 

 and of the HSVA pontoon with different rough- 

 nesses (see also RPSS, 1948, pp. 48-49). Fig. 5 on 

 p. 119 gives the effect of density of roughness on 

 resistance. 



(51) Schultz-Grunow, F., "Der Hydraulisohe Reibungs- 



widerstand von Flatten mit massig rauher Ober- 

 flache, insbesondere von Sehiffsoberflachen (The 

 HydrauUc Friction Resistance of Plates with Large 

 Roughnesses, such as Those on Ship Surfaces)," 

 STG, 1938, Vol. 39, p. 177ff 



(52) Schultz-Grunow, F., "Der Reibungswiderstand mas- 



sig rauher Oberflachen, insbesondere von Sehiff- 

 soberflachen (The Friction Resistance of Moder- 

 ately Rough Surfaces, especially Ship's Surfaces)," 

 Zeit. des Ver. Deutsch. Ing., 1938, Vol. 82, pp. 

 756-758. There is an English translation of this 

 paper in the TMB library. 



(53) Homann, F., "Der tJberganz zwischen den Stro- 



mungsgesetzen fiir glatte und rauhe Flatten (The 

 Correlation Between the Laws of Flow for Smooth 

 and Rough Plates)," Zeit. des Ver. Deutsch. Ing., 

 2 Apr 1938, pp. 405-406 



(54) Schultz-Grunow, F., "Neues Reibungswiderstand- 



gesetz fiir glatte Flatten (New Frictional Resistance 

 Law for Smooth Plates)," Luftfahrtforschung, 20 

 Aug 1940, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 239-246; English 

 translation in NACA Tech. Memo 986, Sep 1941 



(55) Sawyer, J. W., "Surface Finish Literature," Machine 



Design, May and Jun 1955. 



III. References of Modern Application 



The references of this group are selected to 

 describe the extensive research and experimenta- 

 tion conducted since about 1940 on the develop- 

 ment of the boundary layer and the characteristics 

 of viscous flow. 



(56) Prandtl, L., "The Mechanics of Viscous Fluids," 



Aerodynamic Theory, Vol. Ill, Durand Reprint- 

 ing Comm., Pasadena, 1943 



(57) Dryden, H. L., "Some Recent Contributions to the 



Study of Transition and Turbulent Boundary 

 Layers," Proc. 6th Int. Cong. Appl. Mech., 

 Paris, 1946 



(58) Carrier, G. F., "The Boundary Layer in a Corner," 



Quart. Appl. Math. 1947, Vol. 4, p. 367 



(59) Dryden, H. L., "Some Recent Contributions to the 



Study of Transition and Turbulent Boundar}' 

 Layers," NACA Tech. Note 1168, 1947 



(60) Schubauer, G. B., and Skramstad, H. K., "Laminar 



Boundary-Layer Oscillations and Transition on a 

 Flat Plate," Nat. Bur. Stds. RP 1722, Feb 1947 



(61) Schubauer, G. B., and Skramstad, H. K., "Laminar- 



Boundary-Layer Oscillations and Stability of 

 Laminar Flow," Jour. Aero. Sci., Feb 1947, Vol. 

 14, or "Laminar Boundarj'-Layer Oscillations and 

 Transition on a Flat Plate," NACA Rep. 909, 1950 



(62) Wieghardt, K., "Increase in Frictional Resistance 



due to Turbulence Caused by Surface Irregu- 

 larities," 1948. The English translation is known 

 as A.C.S.I.L. Translation 380 (ACSIL/ADM/ 

 48/85). 



(63) "Uniform Procedure for the Calculation of Fric- 



tional Resistance and the Expansion of Model 

 Teat Data to Full Size," SNAME Tech. and Res. 

 Bull. 1-2, Aug 1948 



(64) Todd, F. H., "The Determination of Frictional 



Resistance," TMB Rep. 663, revised edition. 

 Mar 1949 



(65) Landweber, L., "Effect of Transverse Curvature on 



Frictional Resistance," TMB Rep. 689, Mar 1949 



(66) Schlichting, H., "Lecture Series, 'Boundary-Layer 



Theory,' Part I— Laminar Flows," NACA Tech. 

 Memo 1217, Apr 1949 



(67) Schlichting, H., "Lecture Series, 'Boundary-Layer 



Theory,' Part II— Turbulent Flows," NACA 

 Tech. Memo 1218, Apr 1949 



(68) Landweber, L., "A Review of the Theory of the 



Frictional Resistance of a Smooth Flat Plate with 

 Turbulent Boundary Layers," TMB Rep. 726, 

 Sep 1950 



(69) "Progress Report on Research in Frictional Resist- 



ance," TMB Rep. 726, Sep 1950 



(70) Todd, F. H., "Skin Friction Resistance and the 



Effects of Surface Roughness," TMB Rep. 729, 

 Sep 1950 

 C71) Rotta, J., "Beitrag zur Bereohnung der Turbulenten 

 Grenzschichten (Contributions to the Calculation 

 of Turbulent Boundary Layers)," Max Planck 

 Institut fiir Stromungsforchung, Gottingen, 1 Jul 

 1950; TMB Transl. 242, Nov 1951. Assumes that 

 "the kinematic viscosity and the geometrical con- 

 figuration of the wall (wall roughness) only 

 influence the velocity profile near the wall in a 

 layer Sw which is very thin compared with the 

 boundary-layer thickness and that with proper 

 normalization the flow quantities in the remaining 

 zone of the boundary layer appear to be almost 

 independent of viscosity and wall roughness." 



(72) Laufer, J., "Investigation of Turbulent Flow in a 



Two-Dimensional Channel," NACA Tech. Note 

 2123, Jul 1950 and NACA Rep. 1053, 1951 



(73) Todd, F. H., "Skin Friction Resistance and the 



Effects of Surface Roughness," SNAME, 1951, 

 pp. 315-374 



(74) Baines, W. D., "A Literature Survey of Boundary 



Layer Development on Smooth and Rough Sur- 

 faces at Zero Pressure Gradient," Iowa Inst. 

 Hydraul. Res., St. Univ. Iowa, 1951 



(75) Schubauer, G. B., and Klebanoff, P. S., "Investiga- 



tion of Separation of the Turbulent Boundary 

 Layer," NACA Rep. 1030, 1951 



(76) Townsend, A. A., "The Structure of the Turbulent 



Boundary Layer," Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc, Apr 

 1951, Vol. 47, Part 2, pp. 375-395 



(77) Granville, P. S., "A Method for the Calculation of 



the Turbulent Boundary Layer in a Pressure 

 Gradient," TMB Rep. 752, May 1951 



(78) Krzywoblocki, M. Z., "On the Foundations of 



Certain Theories of Turbulence," Jour. Franklin 

 Inst., 1951, Vol. 252, p. 409ff 



(79) Kempf, G., and Karhan, K., "Zur Oberflachen- 



reibung des Schiffes (On the Surface Friction of 

 Ships)," STG, 1951, Vol. 45, pp. 228-243 



(80) Allan, J. F., and Cutland, R. S., "Skin Friction 



