Sec. X3.ll 



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR AND Wy\TER 



925 



(a) Chlorine 



(b) Sodium 



(c) Magnesium 



(d) Sulphur 



(e) Calcium 



(f) Potassium 



(g) Bromine 

 (h) Strontium 

 (i) Boron 



(j) Silicon 



These and the remaining data in this section are 

 taken from the extensive information assembled 

 by H. U. Sverdrup, M. W. Johnson, and R. H. 

 Fleming in "The Oceans: Their Physics, Chem- 

 istry, and General Biology" [Prentice-Hall, Inc., 

 New York, 1942]. 



Although the chemical compounds in sea 

 water appear to be present in proportions that 

 are remarkably constant, it is difficult to isolate 

 and measure them by present methods of analysis. 

 Table 35 on page 173 of the reference lists these 

 constituents in two groups: 



I. Chloride, Cl- 

 Sulphate, SOr 

 Bicarbonate, HCOs" 

 Bromide, Br" 

 Fluoride, F~ 

 Boric acid, H3BO3 

 II. Sodium, Na+ 



Magnesium, Mg^^ 

 Calcium, Ca"*""*" 

 Potassium, K""" 

 Strontium, Sr^^ 



18.98 parts per thousand 



2.65 



0.14 



0.065 



0.0013 



0.026 parts per thousand. 



10.57 parts per thousand 



1.272 



0.400 



0.380 



0.0133 parts per thousand. 



Adding up the exact figures in the original table, the total 

 is roughly 34.48 parts per thousand. 



It is possible that by the time the sea water, 

 with these constituents plus its dissolved air 

 and gases, is mixed up with shipboard machinery 

 in the form of steam generators, condensers, 

 evaporators, heat exchangers, and the hke, some 

 of the constituents are altered. This may be the 

 reason why the analysis which follows does not 

 agree in certain respects with the data presented 

 in the book referenced previously: 



"Sea water contains about 3.5 percent of dissolved 

 solids by weight, as follows: 



NaCl, or sodium chloride (common salt), 2.72 percent 

 MgClj , or magnesium chloride, 0.38 percent 

 MgSOi , or magnesium sulphate, 0.17 percent 

 CaCOa , or calcium carbonate, 0.01 percent 

 MgBr, or magnesium bromide, 0.01 percent. 

 "Of these, the magnesium chloride is most objectionable 

 because it breaks down, forming hydrochloric acid, 

 MgCl, + 2H2O = 2HC1 + Mg(0H)2 . Other acids formed 

 from these solids are: Carbonic, sulphuric, and nitric. 

 These can be neutralized by compounding properly with 

 alkali" [MESR, Nov 1949, p. 75]. 



Just because calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, 

 and magnesium hydroxide are found in the scale 

 on evaporators may not mean that these com- 

 pounds were present in the sea water being 

 evaporated, in just that form [Brush, C. E., and 

 Browning, R. C, "Notes on Prevention of Scale 

 in Evaporators," SNAME, Ches. Sect., 21 Jan 

 1949]. 



X3.ll List of Pertinent References. Refer- 

 ences consulted in the preparation of the tables 

 and groups of data in this appendix are listed 

 hereunder: 



(1) Rouse, H., EMF, 1946, Appendi.x, pp. 357-365 



(2) Rouse, H., (editor), EH, 1950, AppendLx, pp. 1004- 



1012 



(3) Rouse, H., and Howe, J. W., BMF, 1953, Appendix, 



pp. 231-238 



(4) Eshbach, O. W., (editor), "Handbook of Engineering 



Fundamentals," Wiley, New York, 1st ed., 1936 



(5) "Landolt-Bornstein : Physikalich-Chemische Tabellen 



(Chemical-Physical Tables)," edited by W. A. Roth 

 and K. Scheel, Julius Springer, Beriin, 1923-1936 



(6) "Smithsonian Physical Tables," Smithsonian Institu- 



tion, Washington, ninth revised edition. Vol. 88, 1954 



(7) "International Critical Tables," McGraw-Hill, New 



York 



(8) "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics," Chemical 



Rubber Publishing Company, Cleveland 



(9) Sverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W., and Fleming, R. H., 



"The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry, and 

 General Biology," Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York, 

 1942. 



