CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



PART III 



REFLECTION OF SOUND FROM SUBMARINES 



AND SURFACE VESSELS 



18 Introduction 343 



19 Principles 345 



20 Theory 352 



21 Direct Measurement Techniques 363 



22 Indirect Measurement Techniques 379 



23 Submarine Target Strengths 388 



24 Surface Vessel Target Strengths 422 



25 Summary 434 



PART IV 

 ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF WAKES 



26 Introduction 441 



27 Formation and Dissolution of Air Bubbles 449 



28 Acoustic Theory of Bubbles 460 



29 Velocity and Temperature Structure 478 



30 Technique of Wake Measurements 484 



31 Wake Geometry 494 



32 Observed Transmission Through Wakes 503 



33 Observations of Wake Echoes 512 



34 Role of Bubbles in Acoustic Wakes 533 



35 Summary 541 



Bibliography 547 



Contract Numbers 557 



Service Project Numbers 558 



Index 559 



