INDEX 



563 



distribution functions, 160-162 



Gaussian, 161 



image interference, 163 



Rayieigh, 161-163 

 Propagation of progressive waves, 14- 



15, 17-18 

 Propeller wakes, sound transmission 



bubble density, 535 



bubble formation, 449 



scattering measurements, 530-532, 

 539 



transmission loss, 510-511 



underwater explosions, 173-175 

 Pulse length, sound measurements 



Fresnel zone theory, 362 



long pulses, 515-516 



short pulses, 516-519 



target strengths, 350-351, 404-408, 

 432 



wakes, 522-523, 544-546 



QB crystal transducer, 275-276 

 QCH-3 crystal transducers, 273-275, 

 290-292 



Rankine-Hugoniot theory of shock 



fronts, 179-181 

 Earefractional shock waves in under- 

 water explosions, 180-181 

 Ray acoustics, 41-68 



curvature of ray, 46-47 



depth correction, 49-51 



diagrams, 59-60, 89-90 



eikonal wave fronts, 64-65 



general waves, 42-43 



intensity along a ray, 51-54 



long-range transmission, 216-219 



plotter for ray-tracing, 59 



ray patterns, equations, 45-46 



refraction, 197-200 



shadow zones, 65-68 



"sound channel" propagation, 211- 

 216 



spherical waves, 41—42 



temperature-depth patterns, 60-63 



transmission anomalies, 58-59 



velocity-depth variation, 54-58 



vertical velocity gradients, 46-49 



wave front equations, 43-45 

 Ray acoustics, theory of normal modes, 

 222-229 



computations, 224-228 



dispersion phenomena, 225, 228-229 



predictability, 222-224 

 Rayleigh's sound scattering law 



deep-water reverberation, 288 



equation, 325-327, 481 



intensity fluctuations, 161-163, 169 



nonspecular reflection, 362 



radiation, long-wave, 464 



Receivers for underwater sounds, 73-76 

 Reciprocity principle in sound propaga- 

 tion, 38-39, 269-270 

 Recommendations for sonar research, 



241-244, 339-340 

 acoustic measurements, 244 

 bottom reflection, 243 

 oceanographic measurements, 243 

 reverberation, 339-340 

 surface reflection, 243 

 velocity of sound, 242 

 volume scattering, 242-243 

 Reflected beam in linear gradient, ray 



acoustics, 55-56 

 Reflected wave, 29 

 Reflection and refraction of plane 



waves, 30-31 

 Reflection coefficients for underwater 



sound 

 long range transmission, 218-219 

 ocean bottoms, 220-222 

 sonic, 137-138 

 supersonic, 140-141 

 Reflection of sound 

 bubble pulses, 473-474 

 close ranges, 360 

 submarines, 361, 386 

 surface of water, 190-191, 373-374 

 surface vessels, 437 

 underwater targets, 352-355 

 Refraction of sound 

 bottom reflection, 138 

 bottom reverberation, 312-313, 338 

 bubbles, 473-474 

 explosions, 197-200 

 fluctuations, 170-171 

 "Resolving time" for short-range sound 



propagation, 193 

 Resonant frequency of an air bubble, 



462^64, 536-537 

 Reverberation of sound 

 see also Bottom reverberation of 



sound; Deep-water reverberation 



of sound; Surface reverberation 



of sound; Volume reverberation 



of sound 

 analytical procedures, 278-280 

 backward scattering coefficients; 266, 



335 

 bottom levels, 310, 338-339 

 coherence, 327-329, 335, 339 

 deep-water levels, 335-338 

 definition, 247, 334 

 duration, 309 

 equipment for measuring intensity, 



272-278 

 Fermat's principle, 269 

 fluctuation, 158-160, 324-327, 335, 



339 

 forward, 80 

 frequency, 258-259, 329-333, 339 



intensity, 252-258, 265-266, 304-306, 



334 

 level, 258-259, 334 

 peak, 321-323 

 ping length, 258-259 

 properties, 247-249 

 reciprocity theorem, 269-270 

 recommendations for future research, 



338-339 

 scattering, 250-252, 266-269 

 strength, 259 



surface reflection, 270-271 

 wakes, 492-493 

 Riemann's theory for sound waves of 



finite amplitude, 178-179 

 Rigorous intensity in ray acoustics, 



65-66 

 Roll and pitch effects on sound in- 

 tensity fluctuations, 167-168, 

 377 

 Rough surface effects on reflection of 

 sound, 361 



Salinity effect on sound velocity, 17 

 Scattered sound 



see also Bubbles in acoustic wakes 



absorption, 242-243 



average levels, 304-306 



backward, 266, 335, 483 



bubble theory, 306-307, 470-473 



deep-water reverberation, 286-288 



duration, 266-268 



multiple, 268-269, 303-304 



noiLspecular reflection, 361 



propeller wakes, 530-532 



shadow zone, 125-129 



shallow-water reverberation, 316-317 



surface reverberation, 299-302 



temperature and velocity of wakes, 

 480-483 



theory, 250-252 

 Screw wakes, sound transmission, 478 

 Sea bottoms, acoustic properties, 139- 



141 

 "Secondary sources" of sound, 356 

 Self-correlation coefficient for sound in- 

 tensity fluctuations, 164-166, 

 482 

 Shadow boundary of sound 



attenuation coefficient, 124-125 



ray theory, 65-68, 89-90 



scattered sound, 125-129 



zones, 120-122, 200-206 

 Shadowing effect in surface reverber- 

 ation, 301 

 Shallow-water reverberation 



see Bottom reverberation of sound 

 Shallow-water transmission of sound 



see Transmission of sound, shallow- 

 water 



