12 
PARTY AND STATE ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS 
THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION 
The Communist Party formulates national policy, including policy related 
to scientific matters, and undertakes continuing inspection of scientific 
institutions to ensure the achievement of planned results. In November, 1962, 
a Committee of Party-State Control attached to both the Party and the State 
was formed to implement this function.(*) Governmental units administering 
scientific, technical, and educational institutions operate within the limits set 
by State plans prepared on the basis of decisions made by the Communist 
Party. These plans are enacted into law by the State organs. Neither policy 
formulation nor planning procedures are within the scope of this discussion. 
Certain Soviet writings on the subjectareavailable in English translation. (5,6) 
The Communist Party also dominates the selectionof key administrators, 
applying its own standards of loyalty and efficiency as a supplement to those 
used by the scientific institutions themselves. Finally, the Party claims a 
paramount role in establishing the context within which scientists, technologists, 
and educators work, seeking to control their general attitudes and political 
ideas(3,/-12) The Party leaders, especially in recent years, have publicly 
expressed their intensive interest inscienceandtechnology. High-level Party 
officers are usually present at major conferences, their visits to important 
facilities are widely publicized, and their views on the state of Soviet science 
are given in important speeches. (13,14) 
The Party structure contains many units which deal with the problems of 
science and technology.(15-19) The Congress of the Communist Party of the 
Soviet Union, which meets every two or three years, hears important state- 
ments on national policy and demands for improved results. The Central 
Committee, which includes several distinguished scientific workers and 
science administrators, meets several times each year to discuss proposed 
organizational and policy changes and to act as a sounding board for the 
Party leadership. The Party Presidium, comprising a dozen full members 
and half as many candidate members, meets several times each month to 
determine major policies, and to decide on the most important appointments 
to State organs and institutions. The Secretariat, an office comprising four to 
eight national Secretaries of the Party Central Committee, directs the national 
Party headquarters, the body which ensures the fulfillment of national policy, 
in science as in most other fields.(15-16) The newly formed Committee of 
Party-State Control will ensure cooperation betweenthe Party and State. (4,20) 
The staff, called the "apparatus", of the Central Committee is directly 
responsible to the national Party Secretariatandtothe Party Presidium. This 
