13 
staff includes two Departments for Science, Higher Educational Establishments 
and Schools, one of which deals with assignments in the Russian Republic and 
the other covers the remaining 14 republics.(19) Each of these depart- 
ments has a Science Branch which studies general developments and pressing 
problems, conducts investigations of key institutions and reports on fulfillment 
of Party policy. Similar units and specialized Party personnel concerned with 
scientific problems are located in the lower Party territorial offices. These 
local offices are responsible for scientific, technical, and educational 
institutions within their territories. 
Many of the territorial Party organizations, especially those at the 
provincial (oblast) and city levels, have been under intensive pressure from 
national Party headquarters to become more directly involved with problems 
of science and technology. The situation was dramatized in 1962 by a special 
resolution of the Party Central Committee, ''Onthe Guidance by the Leningrad 
City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of Party Organ- 
izations in Scientific Research Institutes."(21,22) 
The resolution began by 
complimenting the efforts of the city committee and its subordinate borough 
committees and primary Party organizations (the Party branches within each 
Soviet facility) in the mobilization of the personnel of scientific research 
institutes and of planning and design institutions for the fulfillment of Party 
and State directives. 
The Central Committee resolution noted some important deficiencies, 
however,and revealed something of the Party's modes of operation to eliminate 
such deficiencies. The Leningrad Party agencies were reprimanded because 
they had gone only superficially into the activities of the institutes; they were 
instructed to deal more boldly with questions involving the organization and 
the substance of scientific research at these institutes. They were givena 
share of the blame when research programs were not framed to achieve 
practical results eventually useful to Soviet industry. The Party agencies were 
expected to exert pressure to ensure the fulfillment of approved research pro- 
grams and to check on the timely introduction into industrial production of 
useful products of completed research. Moreover, the Party organizations, 
especially those within each institute, were expected to "struggle resolutely" 
against what the Party considers ''manifestations of conservatism and 
bureaucratism"! on the part of institute directors inthe matter of experimenta - 
tion with new ideas and new applications of research to industrial production. 
Local Party organizations were also censured for failure to utilize fully 
their recognized authority to improve organizational and operational policies 
of the scientific institutes and to intensify indoctrinational programs among 
the scientific and technical personnel. They were told to use these powers 
to prevent .the "irrational use of specialists and uneconomic expenditure of 
State funds''. Where the national leadership has indicated support of particu- 
lar scientific _principles or interest in special lines of enquiry, the Party 
