14 
organizations must demand that the scientific workers follow the Party line. 
The Party agencies were also reminded that they must take an active role in 
the selection of scientific workers, especially young workers, for responsible 
posts, and must investigate the methods used to train graduate students sent 
to the institutes,(21,23 
The Leningrad City Party Committee, to meet the demand, created an 
economic -technical council under the Leningrad Party Committee which con- 
ducts scientific and technical conferences and ''science days'' jointly with 
scientific institutions. Inaddition, more than170 commissions for supervising 
administrators are actively at work in the Party organizations attached to 
research institutions in Leningrad. (24) The Party organizations of Moscow 
and Minsk followed the example set by their colleagues in Leningrad. (25-27) 
At the time of the 1961 Party Congress, almost one-half of the scientific 
workers were members of the Party.(28-30) There are 10 million Party 
members in the Soviet Union.(29) 
gether into a primary Party organization at the place of their employment. 
These members are usually brought to- 
There is at least one, and usually more, Party member in each Soviet 
institution. Primary Party organizations range in size from a half-dozen 
members in a small institution to scores and sometimes hundreds in the 
major institutions. The larger ones will have executive bodies called Party 
committees, comprising 10 to 30 scientific workers, led by a full-time 
and highly trained 'secretary",, who has extensive responsibility in the direction 
of Party affairs. There areanumber of top-ranking scientific administrators 
and workers who serve as Party secretaries oftheir primary Party organiza - 
tions.(25,31) 
The primary Party organizations are expected to exert strong influence 
on the staffs of their institutions by providing models of good behavior and 
performance, demanding serious Marxist study and frequent Party service, 
and supporting the pressures of the district or city Party organizations to 
extract practical results from the institution's staff. The Party members will 
support the orders of the director of the institution, but will encourage the 
staff to report on shortcomings even if the director or his assistants are at 
fault. Party members call on the staffto make suggestions for improvement, 
to engage in"'socialist competition", andto support "progressive ideas" ignored 
by the institution's administrators. (34,33) 
ALL-UNION (U.S.S.R.) GOVERNMENTAL UNITS 
AND REPUBLIC GOVERNMENTS 
The U.S.S.R. isaunionof15 republics. Figure 2 is an outline map of the 
U.S.S.R. indicating the republics and their respective capitals. Each republic 
has its own government centered in its capital. The U.S.S.R. government is 
