42 
eientitic "school" which will be small at first, but which will be a basis for 
the rapid preparation of candidate and doctoral dissertations. The problem 
laboratory should not search for important subjects but focus on rapid develop- 
ment of an approved subject.(89) Such problem laboratories are being set up 
in the higher educational institutions at the request of some sovnarkhozy.(8*,85) 
One Soviet scientific worker recommended that some of the special problem 
laboratories be turned into small research institutes. 
THE LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF RESEARCH 
Scientific workers may be chosen to serve as administrators of any of 
the administrative units discussed in previous sections or in any of the fa- 
cilities described in the Directory. A substantial number of researchers and 
educators are chosen to be Party Secretaries in their primary Party organi- 
zations. The great bulk of administrative positions within the research fa- 
cilities are held by scientific workers of proven ability. (52) 
Whether or not a Soviet scientific worker holds administrative posi- 
tion, he is subordinated to the administrative system. Each member of the 
scientific community has a duty to support Party and State activity while 
concurrently contributing to his own specialty. Occasionally this active sup- 
port takes the form of solicited advice to the policymakers. Before policy is 
set, the scientific worker must give his expert advice both when asked or on 
his own initiative. A system of advisory councils exists to formalize this 
function. Within each research facility or educational institution there is a 
scientific or technical council, called a collegium, which has the right to be 
consulted by the director and the right to offer advice to him. Collegiums 
also have the duty to criticize the director.(16) The collegial system of 
advisory councils employs a large percentage of the scientific workers on 
high State levels. Some 7000 scientific workers are enrolled as volunteers 
in the scientific councils of the State Coordination Committees and the 
Academies of Sciences. In the Soviet view, ''The proper combination of 
one-man management and collegial leadership, one-man management and 
control and criticism by the masses, the combination of the authority of the 
leader and the initiative of the people he leads — is one of the cardinal fea- 
tures of democratic centralism."(®) 
Scientific workers can be called uponto give advice to production enter- 
prises as well. Often, the gap between research, technology, and production is 
bridged by the work of the scientific and technical professional societies, 
Almost all scientific workers belong to at least one of these societies, and 
