43 
through its operations, give consultation, expert advice, and evaluations io 
members from production enterprises. (86) The societies themselves act as 
advisory bodies when they make recommendations to State administrative 
units. By bringing together their members at scientific and technical con- 
ferences devoted to key problems, the societies channel the energies and 
activities of the scientific community. 
Frequently, the Soviets set up temporary task forces at any given 
administrative level, mixing scientists, technologists, production personnel, 
and government and Party workers to solve some particularly pressing 
problem. 
If his knowledge or abilities are especially valuable to the State, a 
scientific worker must accept many administrative and collegial posts. (52) 
This practice is called "wearing many hats" (sovmestitel'stvo) by Professor 
Trilling, and the careers of many top-level scientific workers illustrate this 
practice.(51) 
Whether or not a scientific worker seeks administrative roles or 
rank, he may be given administrative duties on one or more levels within 
his own facility, his professional society, the Party, or the State. Whena 
scientific worker is so appointed he accepts the burden of the Soviet admin- 
istrator, who has both the responsibility and the duty to make decisions after 
consideration of collegial advice andthe pressures from the State and Party.(1 7) 
His decisions must fall within the framework of a State-approved plan, but 
he must be alert to new ideas which could modify the plan. He must actively 
compete with his peers, and urge his subordinates to compete with theirs. 
If he fails in any of his tasks, he must publicly confess his failure. If his 
superiors fail, he is expected to criticize them. Finally, despite his admin- 
istrative duties, he is expected to make a contribution to his specialty. If 
the contribution is a major one, he maybe elected to an Academy of Sciences. 
As an administrator or Academician, he will have trainees and research 
assistants, and from them he is to choose and develop his own replacement. 
TYPES AND INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF 
RESEARCH FACILITIES 
Soviet research facilities may be grouped for convenience into three 
types, that is, scientific research facilities, technological research facilities, 
and educational research facilities. The distinctions between science, tech- 
nology, and production are not clear-cut, for as one Soviet writer said, 
"Science more and more is becoming an immediate production force, while 
production is the technological application of modern science.''(87) 
