44 
In general, the science institutes are concentrated in the Academies 
and higher educational institutions. The technological institutes are found in 
State industrial branches, some of the higher educational institutions, and 
some production facilities. 
The Academies of Sciences generally deal with science, but they also 
handle complex technological problems. The higher educational institutions 
also deal in science and technology, but usually ina narrower scope, neces- 
sitated by more limited facilities and manpower. Their staffs consist mainly 
of educators. The industrial and humanistic research facilities parallel sec- 
tors of the economy and social welfare. Most of their research work is tech- 
nological, but they do basic research when they are better equipped than any 
academic or higher educational institution. Research tasks outside the func - 
tion of each facility are assigned on the basis of demands generated outside 
the facility. Technological researchis assigned tothe academies by the State. 
Technological research in the educational institutions is usually initiated by 
a contract with some production facility. Scientific research is assigned to 
the industrial research facilities by the State. 
The Academies of Sciences have created joint laboratories with produc - 
tion enterprises and non-Academy institutes located at the enterprises and 
institutes. This program has met with administrative difficulties. (88) 
In April, 1961, the Party and the U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers in- 
structed the U.S.S.R. State Committee on Coordination of Scientific Research 
to draw up a list of the leading research institutes as well as standard 
regulations for these institutes with recommendations for their eventual 
subordination, (164) 4 "leading" or “head" institute is one that is excep- 
tionally capable of carrying out research ona national scale ina particular 
field. These leading institutes may be attached to an academy, educational 
institution, or to a State Committe, and may be working in either science or 
technology. One of the functions of a leading institute is to coordinate re- 
search work in its field on a national scale.(’9) Branches of leading tech- 
nological institutes have been established at large plants. These branches 
may incorporate the research, design, and technical laboratories of the plant. 
The coordination of the work ofthese branches is done by the State Committee 
on Coordination of Scientific Research.(89) The extensive use of leading re- 
search institutes is a trend toward the functional organization of research in 
the Soviet Union, a type of organization being urged by some administra- 
26,90) There is as yet no charter to define the functions, administra - 
tive powers, and limitations of the leading institutes. (26) 
tors.| 
The titles of the administrative heads such as rector, chairman, direc - 
tor, and head are clues to the type of facility. The chief executive of a com- 
mittee or commission is a chairman. The chief administrator of an institute 
