45 
is a director. The various titles of chief administrators of laboratories or 
administrations are usually translated as the "head" of the unit. 
Actually, the structures of all three types of research facilities have 
much in common, and do not differ in principle from the structures of State 
administrative units. All are headed by one man. There is a collegium to 
advise him. In more complex facilities, there is a deputy chief administrator 
for scientific affairs. There is another deputy administrator for administra - 
tion affairs to manage the accounting and business staff. 
Research facilities that offer advanced education as only a part of 
their activities have a deputy chief administrator for educational affairs. 
Purely educational institutions are organized into departments or divisions 
comparable to a western college or school, headed by a dean (dekan). ae 
departments are divided into chairs (kafedra) for different specialties. Re- 
search facilities such as institutes attached to educational institutions are 
Similar to academy institutes. 
Technological or experimental research facilities havea different struc - 
ture. In addition to the usual administrative personnel, they have a chief 
engineer, a chief technologist, and usually a chief designer. Each of these 
has his own staff. Production enterprises that do some technological research 
are similar in structure to the technological research facilities. 
The three types of research facilities formed to administer science, 
technology, and education are illustrated in Figures 12, 13, and 14. No one 
facility described in the Directory (Part III) is an exact duplicate of any of 
these types, but the variations are minor compared with the similarities, and 
these typical structures are a useful guide in dealing with the facility de- 
scriptions that follow in the Directory. 
