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VOL. IV. 



SPEINGFIELD, FEBRUARY, 1859. 



NO. 2 



PUBLISHED MONTHLY, 



BY 



BAILHACHE& BAKER, 



JOURNAL OFFICE .....SPRINGFIELD, ILL. 



<•» 



S. FRANCIS, Etlitor. 



<•* 



TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 



One copy, one year, in advauce $1 00 



Five copies, " " - S 75 



Ten " and one to ihr person getting up club 7 50 



Fifteen copies and over , 62^ cents each, and cue to person 

 gettiDg up club. 



CASH RATM OF APVERTISING : 

 One dollar per square of ten lines, each insertion. 



COMTCNIS OF THIS NUiMBElK. 



Apple Cnlture in Illinoii,..........„ 209 



Gold Gigging 210 



ThaCaae Stiple „ 2U 



Hungarian Grass 212 



An Appeal » 213 



Want a Farm 213 



Small Farms for rent 21.^ 



Potatoes 213 



What is to be Tone 213 



The Sugar Question 214 



Sketches of the State Room 215 



Sugar Trade 215 



Hungarian Grass, or German Millet 216 



Shrubbery 216 



The Honey Blade Grass 2](5 



Grapes 216 



Evergreen Protection 216 



Morrill's Land Bill 217 



A Wrong Done.... 217 



Strawbtrries 217 



Evergreens 217 



Preuium >op8 21 



Items „ , 2Y7 



CropB _ 217 



The Wheat Crop „ ^1% 



Hungarian Grass , _ 218 



McCormackN Reaper 218 



Our Revenue 



Great Western Raifroad ' 



January No. of Farmer .....^ ^ 



Fruit Grower's ^i-ciefy ___ 



Fute Ag icultural Society . . r^jo 



rrantng Gruips *" n^„ 



* B -J- „„, _ 220 



The Plautiu^of Vew Orchneds 22o 



BotaniSHl and Z )ological Survey of the Sute '.!! "." •'ot 



Indualfial Muivcrsity -. ''*' 



Nothing New Under the Sun .,.,. 



Small FruitH -"i 



Wa-hington's Birth'iay 200 



Market" .,^ 



..218 

 .218 

 .219 

 .219 



Apple CultQrc in Illinois. 



An Address hy Arthur Bryant hcfore the 

 State Horticultural Society, delirered at 

 Bloominijton, December 14, 1858. 



It is my present object to make some re- 

 marks upoa the obstacles to the successful 

 cultivation of the apple in this State, and as 

 far as I am able, to suggest the means of 

 their removal. So numerous are these ob- 

 stacles, that it cannot be expected that I 

 should in the limits of a short essay do more 

 than briefly discuss some of the principal. — 

 The idea may suggest itself at the outset, 

 that the greatest obstacle to success in the 

 cultivation of the apple is the ignorance and 

 negligence of most of those who engage in 

 it. This may be true ; but the fact being 

 admitted and the remedy obvious, it is need- 

 less to enlarge upon it here. It is by at- 

 tending- to, and discussinir the minor dilBcul- 

 ties, that the greater is to be removed. 



Among the enemies of the apple, insects 

 hold a prominent place; and among insects 

 the most destructive to young orchards in 

 this State is the borer. My horticultural 

 friends are doubtless well acquainted with 

 this insect; b'it it is not for tho.se who 

 already know as much or more than myself, 

 that I write. Many of tho.se who plant trees 

 are, at the outset, scarcely if at all aware of 

 the existence of such an insect; and most 

 are ignorant of the best methods of prevent- 



ing 



Its 



ravages. 



Entomolosists 



recognize 



thi existence of many species of the borer, 

 and three are commonly destructive to the 

 apple tree in this S ate, while two or th.ee 

 more occasionally attack it. The most de- 

 structive of these, and the only one meu- 

 tioned in fruit books, is that known as the 

 apple borer. This insect in its winged form 

 is about three-fourths of an inch long, of a 

 dark brown or had color, with a longitudinal 

 M-hite stripe on each wing, and two long 

 white attennac curving from its proboscis to 

 its opposite extremity. It deposits its eggs 

 at the collar of the trees during the months 

 of June, July and August. I have never 

 been able to discover that it punctures the 

 bark to deposit its eggs — in fact, 1 have rea- 

 son to think that it does not. The worm 



when hatched bores through the bark, and 

 for the remainder of the season feeds on the 

 wood immediately beneath it, penetrating 

 deeper as the winter appronehe.- , and de- 

 scending towards the ro(jt. T.u; next sum- 

 mer it bores the wood in diiT'.ren; direction.^, 

 and passes the second winter in or near the 



heart of the tree. The following spring, the 

 worm now full grown, and about an inch 

 long, changes to the winged form, and emer- 

 ges from the tree sometime in the month of 

 June through a hole bo: ed horizontally from 

 the heart, u.'sually higher up the tree than 

 where it entered. The ravages of this in- 

 sect may be prevented by surrounding the 

 collar of the trees early in June with leached 

 ashes, also bj an occasional application of 

 soft soap, ley, or a solution of potash, to the 

 stems of the trees. The trees should be 

 examined several times during the summer, 

 and the worms removed if any are found. — 

 Their presence may readily be known b\- the 

 dust they throw out, and during the first 

 season they may be destroyed with a flexible 

 wiro or the point of a knife. If they are too 

 deep in the wood to be reached by these, 

 they maybe killed by thrusting into the hole 

 a small pledget of cotton dipped in spirits of 

 turpentine or camphorated spirits, and plug- 

 ging it with a piece of wood. A pint of 

 sulphur, a gallon of soft-soap, and tobacco 

 water enough to make the mixture of the 

 consistence of paint, is said, if applied to the 

 trees in June, to insure their safety from the 

 borer for the rest of the season. I hope I 

 may be pardoned for digressing her? so far 

 as to remind some of my brother horticultu- 

 rists that they may in some such way make 

 a much better u&e of their tobacco than by 

 passing it through their own mouths, to say 

 nothing of its being more agreeable to their 

 families and others who are compelled to 

 receive its odors at second hand. 



The next species of borer of which I shall 

 speak is, I believe, commonly confounded 

 with that above mentioned but is really dif- 

 ferent. In size and color it resembles the 

 first, except that its back and wings instead 

 of being striped are curiously mottled with 

 white. It is, I think, the same which is 

 found in the hickory and other forest trees. 

 As far as 1 have obscr\'cd, it is seldom if 

 ever found in orchards remote from forests, 

 while those near woods are certain to be 

 infested with it. This specios attacks only 

 the branches and stem of the tree* at .some 

 distance from the ground. It makes a slit 

 in the smooth bark resembling the scratch 

 of a cat, in which it deposits its eggs. The 

 time of its continuance in the tree is the 

 same as that of the first mentioned species j 

 the same washes will prevent its attacks, 

 and after it has entered the tree it may be 

 destroyed in the same manner. , > . 



Another species is that S( metimes called 



