202 



THE ILLINOIS ir^mVIEH. 



— unless indeed tlio man be grown cor- 

 pulent, and like a barrel his waist is 

 the thickest part of liiiu — and should 

 be loose and fall about the hips. 



It is most important that persons who 

 are liable to profuse prespiration — and 

 all men who labor arc — should wear 

 Avoolen garments next the skin, lied 

 flannel shirts are to be reeominended 

 for both summer and winter. They 

 are cool in summer and warm in win- 

 ter, absorb the pers})iration, and permit 

 its evaporation without chilling the 

 wearer. The color is bright and agree- 

 able, and it preveuts a soiled appeai'- 

 anee before the shirt is really dirty. A 

 knit shirt, particularly for winter wear 

 as an outer garment .while at work, 

 tucked inside the waistband, is exceed- 

 ingly comtortable ; and when the regu- 

 lar sailor's p^a-jacket, made of good 

 stout pilot cloth, just long enough to 

 cover the hips, with liberal side-pockets, 

 double-breasted, and with a good collar 

 to turn up to keep snow out of the neck, 

 is worn outside, a man needs no better 

 clothing for ordinary cold weather. 

 There are no coat-tails or skirts in the 

 way, no ditKculty about getting one's 

 hand into his pockets, nothing super- 

 fluous and everything convenient ; loose 

 enough for every action, and close 

 enough for warmth. The throat ought 

 never to be protected, (except when af- 

 fected by a cold or cough ; then keep 

 it tboroughly warm,) except in cases of 

 extreme exposure, like driving in a wind 

 or great cold. Nothing makes the per- 

 son more susceptible to bmg and throat 

 complaints than this bundling up Avith 

 furs, or tippets, or comforters — good in 

 their time, but greatly abused by our 

 people by being used at all times. 



Finally — hats. A farmer is not ex- 

 posed to falling ropes, or spars, or tackle 

 — hence, does not need a stiff tarpaulin, 

 as a sailor or fireman. His hat should 

 be cool and airy in the ^summer, and 

 should give shade to his liead and face. 

 A light straw, palm- leaf, or chip-hat, 

 Avith a moderately broad brim and low 

 crown, is the thing for the hot season. 

 For the winter we need something which 

 is warmeit which will not blow off easily, 

 which willShade the eyes from the great 

 glare of the sun on the snow, Avhich 

 Avill, in a measure, protect us from rain, 

 and which will not bo in the way nor 

 become easily injured. A cloth cap with 

 good liberal front-piece, or a medmm or 

 low-crowned soft felt hat, answers these 

 requirements jjcrfectly. 



As to color 

 should avoid black, unless he is in the 

 habit of making- and attending fash- 

 ionable parties, and then he must, of 

 course, conform to the mode. All the 

 greys, pepper-and-salts, and a great va- 1 

 riety of browns commend themselves, t 

 Blue we avoid, because it is a color that i 



of <i:arments — the farmer 



has been adoj^ted by the military, and 

 has sort of " IT. S. A." or ^'U. S. M." 

 look. Poor stock is oftencr made up 

 into black goods than into cloth of other 

 colors — an additional reason why it is 

 not profitable. It shows every speck of 

 dirt, and when threadbare looks poverty- 

 stricken enough. 



As to texture. Other things being 

 equal, those goods which either possess 

 a full nap or felty surface besides the 

 thread, and thus are, though loosely 

 AYOven, quite thick, and enclose consid- 

 erable air, are warm in proportion to 

 the quantity of air enclosed in their 

 structure. A shaggy cloth, if not made 

 of too coarse wool, though coarsely 

 woven and loose in texture, will be 

 found warmer than an equally heavy 

 cloth which is woven compactly, and 

 which has been sheared, carded and 

 teazled till on every part the close short 

 nap is laid in an even silky surface. 

 Our clothes keep us warm not by keep- 

 ing the outer air off, that is, from con- 

 tact with the skin, but by surrounding 

 us with a mass of air which is warm 

 and l)y its adhesion to the fabrics with 

 which we are clothed is not readily dis- 

 placed, at least not before it imparts a 

 ])ortion of its warmth to the air which 

 displaces it, and so prevents our feeling 

 the chill. Outer garments with a long 

 nap shed rain also much more readily 

 than those with a fine-linished surface. 



The long and short of this matter is 

 that we should have a regular working 

 dress, which should be made with a 

 view to convenience and decency only, 

 and for other times clothing that can 

 be worn and worn out without its ap- 

 pearing ridiculous. We are said to be 

 the worst-dressed class of the popula- 

 tion, and distinguished from others by 

 being inappropriately and inconven- 

 iently dressed, and it is because we 

 cannot say it ia so, that we have writ- 

 ten the above. Let us make a change. 

 — The Hcmestead. 



The Tobncco Crop. 

 The value of the tobacco exported 

 from the United States last year, was 

 nearly five times that of our sea pro- 

 ducts, fifty per cent, more than the pro- 

 ducts of the forest, not quite three mill- 

 ions of dollars less than the whole export 

 of vegetable food, and rather over an 

 eighth of the value of the cotton crop. 

 The tobacco plantations of the United 

 States are estimated by the United 

 States Economist^ as yielding from thir- 

 ty-five to forty million dollars annually. 

 For the last forty years the crop has 

 shown a steady increase ; it is, however, 

 chiefly duviog late years that the pro- 

 duction has most largely extended. In 

 1S21, the value of tobacco exported was 

 §5,f)48,902, and for fifteen years the 

 amount taken for foreign consumption 



continued to average about that value. 

 In 1830, the export reached $10,058,- 

 CtlO, and in 1811, $12,575,703, from 

 which point it fluctuated down to about 

 four and a half millions of dollars, until 

 1846 the shipment amounted to $8,478,- 

 370. The total value of exports of leaf 

 tobacco from the United States for the 

 fiscal year, ending 30th June, 1859, 

 was $21,074,038. As far back as 1855, 

 the income derived by Great Britain 

 from duties levied on American leaf 

 tobacco, was $18,297,488, and by 

 France an average annul revenue of 

 $16,000,000, making in the aggregate 

 for these two countries alone, $34,000,- 

 000, or exceeding by over 50 per cent, 

 the total value of leaf exported from 

 the United States. — Exchange. 

 ■ «■■ — 



[For the Country Gentleman and Cultivator.] 



Division of Labor Among ficcs. 



It has generally been supposed that 

 there is a portion of the worker-bees, 

 whose sole duty is to collect the honey, 

 another portion to build the comb, an- 

 other to feed or nurse the larvaj, etc., 

 and that each division continued thus 

 employed in their respective vocation, 

 tiir the close of their natural life. 

 Since the introduction of the Italian 

 bees, apiarians in this country have 

 been enabled to ascertain pretty nearly 

 how this division of labor is carried on. 



The progeny of the Italian queen 

 that I gave to one of my native stocks 

 on the 2d of July, began to emerge on 

 the 24th. This progeny was carefully 

 watched to ascertain at what age the 

 Italian bees commenced to gather honey 

 or pollen. It was not till the 8th of 

 August — fifteen days after the Italians 

 began to emerge from their cells — that 

 I observed them gathering honey — a few 

 were engaged in bringing in honey and 

 pollen. In the meantime, I frequently 

 examined the interior of this hive, and 

 found that in about ten days after the 

 Italians first made their appearance, in 

 that portion of the day when the bees 

 were the most busily engaged in gather- 

 ing honey and pollen, scarcely a native 

 bee was on the brood combs; but, on 

 the other hand, the Italians were densely 

 crowded over these combs, keeping the 

 brood of the proper temperature, and 

 feeding the larvoe. I also removed a 

 couple of frames of comb, and supplied 

 their places with empty frames, to ascer- 

 tain what bees would be engaged in 

 building comb. The combs were soon 

 commenced and the next day examined, 

 which examination proved that none but 

 the Italians were engaged in comb build- 

 infT. Now, the conclusion is, respecting 

 the division of labor among bees, that 

 the young bees invariably feed the larva3, 

 build the combs, and attend to the inter- 

 nal affairs of the colony ; and that when 

 they become older — resign this labor to 



