20 



The Weekly Florists' Review. 



Mav 2, 1911'. 



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LATEST FACTS ^ 

 ^ ON FUMIGATION 



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RESULTS OF RECENT RESEARCH. 

 The rroblcin. 



\'.\ I'l si in (• I 111' i|r\ clnlPiiir 111 (iT t lir 

 kIci (Ii;iI the i Ic^l i ml imi ol iMir cioiis 

 li\ iliscits \\;is iMil iiri(-,'~:i I 1 1 \ | lie \\ i 1 1 

 • il' I lie « I, CM till-. I lie i III |Mirl ;i li.c dl' niii 

 tnilllnu llicsi' [M'sts li:i-^ licfn ir;i I i/cil 

 :iihI \:iimmis iiiciIiihIs Ii;i\c Im'i'ii cm 

 |'lii\ ci| liii I lie jiii r|iiisc, 



I c ii'll \ -^l ;i I cij. I lie |>i niijciii is ; II (iw 

 i.iti \\ c i|cs|iii\ line 1(11111 1)1 I i Ic while 

 il IV nil .■nlcl her Ini in nl' I i I'e. \\ il hciil 

 .IcsIioxiiil; (i|- :iI Icii^I iiiiiiiiiiL! the l;il 

 tci .' Ilnw (.'III we (Icstiov the lis mil; 

 sill 1^1 :i liii' HI |ilii| ii|il:isMl iil' the lllsci-1 

 :il .'I lime when il is in eh'se emilnel 

 \\ i 1 h .'iiKilher li\in:i siilisl :ui,-e. wiiinuil 

 I he ilesi 111! t lull 111' lint II .' 



This i> iiini|i;i r:i I i \ el \ e;is\ nl' sulii 

 I loll ill the i-.ise III' chevvinL; iiiserls, ns 

 |Miisiiiis wliieli will not injure (he planl 

 e;in lie phireil n|Min it. I'ur i-iinsniii]it imi 

 liy I he insert. I'.iit most nt' inir worst 

 pi'sts ilii mil t'ee.l in this \\ ;i \ , Imt li\ 

 .sUrkiliL; the s.'lp t'lolii ilisiile the |il,-Mll. 

 ;iiiil loi' viii h |pevis slonmrh |ioisiitis arc 

 ot' no :i\:mI. I'm these iiiseels t lio loi^i 

 r;il eoiiipleiiii'iil to the sto'n.'irh |mison. 

 theretore, i,> the rontael insecticide. 

 whicil ilcslldvs the lii'-ccls wllicIl il 

 tonclies. I )itlicnll ies .-it once arise, how 

 c\ei'. ill laiiyinu out this iiiea, as 

 many ol' the insects ul' tliis class a re 

 excecili nu ly minute anil correspoiiil 

 iiiL;l,\ 'litlicult to reach with I ho spray. 

 Others. Ill aiMilion. seem lo ileliulit in 

 locatiiiL; ill places where there is little 

 oppoi-l unit \ to ui't at them, wliile 

 otliers. still, are so t horou'^lily protecteil 

 by coveriiiL; scales, w . i \y t lii'e.ails or 

 other lepelleiit st met u Ies tliat a eon 

 ta.cl insect iciile stroni; eiioiieli to ]>ene 

 tral4' tiiese protections .anil ilestroy the 

 insects liecomes ila iiLieroiis to 1 lie plant 

 t lie insect s .are on. 



The Need of Caution. 



It is oiilv natni'al. f Iieict'ore. icali/ 

 iuLT tliat insects must i'reathe. ami le 

 iiiemlieiiiiL; that unses ]ieiietrate e\'eiy 

 where, that the idea ot' o\ ('rcomiiiL;' llie 

 ilillicult ies meiit ioiieil liy iisiiie- poison 

 oils or sutVocat ill-: biases slioulil lia\e 

 lu>en iecei\eil with t'.i\oi-. M\eii liy this 

 metluiil, however. ilaiiL;i'i- ol' injury to 

 tlie iilaiit lit'e cannot be aviiiihal, t'oi 

 we iiiU'^l recOL;ni/e I'rom what has al 

 ready lieeii said that the li\iiiL: suh 

 stance of a plant is lialde to destruc 

 tioH li\- anylhiiiL; \\ iiich will cause the 

 death id' tlie li\iiii: suhstance ot' an 

 .animal on it. We should, t iiei'et'ore. i>\ 

 jieel to lie .aide to kill liy t'um ie.at ion 

 oiiIn such in-~ects as are K'ss resistant 

 tli.an tlie plants they .are on. 'I'liis is 

 piolialdy the ii'a'~on why most t'iiniiL;a 

 tions ill the past ha\e lieen made so 

 weak that the results \vt>re ot'teii unsat- 

 ist'actory. It is only natuial to lie can 

 lious ill work ot' this kind, luit caution 



A |.:iii.i li.\ II. 'I . f. rii.iM, I'll. le. . iil.iiiiMiiii:i- I 

 Ml llic \l:|v^:i,hll->il Is Am-icllll iiimI ( '. 1 Ic:;c. \iii 

 lici^l. .\1:i-v . n .111 licl.iic Ihc l|..ii-,|^ iliiiiim 

 I'.ii Mil 1.'.' Week ;il .Vliilicisl. 



which Lii\('s .a t'lmi ii;at ion so weak that, 

 the most delicate insects Tail lo be de 

 stroyed is merely .-i w.aste ol' lime and 

 money. 



(>t' the \aii(Uis t'liiniu: nts. sulphur 

 li.is prohaldy lieeii used the longest. 

 Hut sulphur apparent l\' ads .as \ iuor 

 oiisly on plants as on .animals, which 

 ineaiis that lumiLialiou with this suh 

 .•-laiice al an elVecti\e streiii;tli is li.alile 

 to plod lice d isast rolls result s. The sa Test 

 1 iine t o use sulphur is whiMi a 

 house is empty, iisiii^ a sIioiil; dose, to 

 clear out aii\ insects which iiia\' lie 



The Editor is pleased 

 wheu a Reader 

 preHents his ideas 

 on ary subject treated iu 



wrfff 



As experience is the ber.t 

 teacher, so do Ave 

 learn fastest by an 

 exchange of experiences. 

 Many valuable points 

 are broueht out 

 by discussion. 



(iooii piMniiaiisliip. spelliiifr anii 

 Knniiiiiar, tlioiiRh ilesiraltle. are not 

 iH'Ci'ssar.v. \\ rite as you would talk 

 wlieu doiuK your lii's^i. 



WE SHALL BE GLAD 

 TO HEAR FROM YOU 



present ami whiih iiiiL'iit attaek the 

 iieM cro|i ]iut in. 



Tobacco as a Fimiigaut. 



Toli.acco .as a t'umi^ant needs little 

 comineut. The .actixe sulistaiico. of 

 course, is nicotine, of which in ordi- 

 ii.ary toli.acco there is, o\\ an a\('ra;j;e. 

 only about four or li\ e ju'i' cent- not 

 en(UiL;li to accom]dish aiiythiiii;' like 

 ihor(>u,i:h wurk. \'apori:'ed. it will kill 

 some ]daiit liie. some thri|is perhaps, 

 .and some adult white tlies. Lint in 

 eNi'iy case certain stai:es ot' these in- 

 sects, which are more resistant, remain 

 uiiatl'eetotl and I'rom them the lionso is 

 soon ri'stocked \vith trouble. 



To (i\('rcome this dilliculty of the 

 weakm^ss of tobacco, extracts of vari 

 oils kinds containiiiL; larycr amounts of 



nicotine li,a\e been pl.aced on the iii.i 

 ket. These are, of taiurse. more elu 

 cieni, but e\en with them the more i - 

 sislant sI,-il;('s ot' rii.an\' pests siir\i\, 

 until for their destriKtion it is nece 

 s.iiy to use such a l.arne amount of t h, 

 material that the expense ol' tre.atnieii 

 ma kes it prohibit i\ e. 



Hydrocyanic Acid Gas. 



1 ly d I ocy;i n ic ;iciil uas is [lerhaps lie 

 most ;icti\e poisonous L;as known at 

 least, at all well known. it can b. 

 produced from \arioiis clu'inieals, bir 

 until recent !>' it h;is Licnerally been ob 

 t.iiiied b\ addiiiL; siilpluirie acid to |mi 

 l.issiiim cyanide. It has beiMi used e\ 

 pel imeiit all\ , .and by coin|iari n^- I'esiill ■- 

 a general rule for its ]itddiietion ane 

 ;i pplic'i 1 ion has been outlined and |)iib 

 lished and has come into (|uit(^ m'iier;ii 

 use tor greenhouse work. StraniielN 

 eiiouLih. howe\'er, .just what amounts ol 

 the N.arious materials should bo takiMi 

 and the best i^r.ades ot' these for the 

 purpose, ha\e oiil\- recently been care 

 I'lilly iiiN est i,l,^atell and the results ol 

 this work have not as yet become wididx 

 km>wii. Let us (onsider the ni;iteri;iL 

 ;ind methods ol' c\anido fnmijiatioii 

 then, in some detail. 



There must be a staiidanl esfab 

 lished in the piodiiction of the iias, if 

 I'esults are to bi' compared and conclii 

 sions drawn with any safety. The mar. 

 who fnmiizates at a sui)posed certain 

 streiiLith of cyanide, but who uses tin 

 lil'ly per cent cyanide, which is tlie 

 usual strength kept at druL,' stores, in 

 stead (d" the nimHy-ei^lit to ninety nim 

 per cent material, will of course j:;et re 

 suits widely dilVerent t'roni those ob 

 tained b\' jicrsons usini;' the stronj^ei 

 article. We must use standar<l mate- 

 rials, then, if we use the same formula 

 in their prejiarat ion. 



Purity of the Cyanide. 



Tliree materials .are necessary — po- 

 t.assium cyanid(\ suljihuric acid anii 

 water. We ha\e to consider their qual- 

 ity ;iiiil tilt' (|uaTitity to use. 



It is important to use :i cyanide 

 which is ])ractically pure. The ninet.v- 

 <'i;ilit to nincty-nim> ]>er cent i^rado 

 manufactured by >rerck is a reliabh* 

 mati'iial. ;in(l tln^ jn'oducts id' similar 

 streiiuth made by a number of other 

 maniifactnrt>rs are also satisfactory. 

 With lower iirades less of the material 

 from which the uas is formed is, of 

 course, a\ai!able. and there is aNo a 

 tpiestion as to what result the i>resence 

 of other substances may produce. With 

 a lil'ty per cent cyanide, for example, 

 tlieie would be only about half as 

 mucji eyanoj.'en to combine with the 

 hydroiiiMi of the suljthuric acid as with 

 the ninety eij:ht to ninety nine jier cent 

 Lirade, and if amonu' the constituents 

 of the otln^r fifty ]icr (cnt tln^re should 

 be somethini,' which would combine 



