THE SUCCESSION OK DKl'OSITS. 61 



From tlio Uiitnri! oF the Siixicava saiiil, it is ohvious 

 tliat it is for the most part a sliallow-wator deposit, 

 holoii^'iii^' to tile jx'riod of emerj^cnce of llui land ; and it 

 must have lieeii originally a marginal and l»anl< deposit, 

 de})endin.i,' mueh for its distribution on llie movc^ment of 

 tides and currents. In some instances, as at (,'ote des 

 Nciges, near Montreal, and on the terraces on the lower 

 St. Lawrence, it is obviously merely a shore sand and 

 •jjravel, like that of the. modern Iteach. Kidgcs of Saxi- 

 cava sand and yraNcl have often been mistal<en for 

 moraines of niacitn's ; l)Ut they can generally Ijc distin- 

 Liuished bv their stratilii-d character and the occasional 

 presence of animal remains, as well as by the water-woin 

 rather than glaciated app(!arance of their stones and 

 pebbles. In this connection, however, it must be observed 

 that it is not p(»ssible to distinguish the high-level beaches 

 and deposits of su])erHcial travelled Ixjulders from the 

 Saxicava sand. In other words, ir/iile the Sdxirara sands 

 and ffrareh ma if In' sindloir-ivatcr deposits, /hri/ ninsf, ir/ien 

 at high levels, hare heen formed on the margins of deep seas. 

 This is a most important 'fact in connection witii the 

 u])per or later l)0ul(U'r deposit. 



The Saxicava sand .sometimes rests on the Leda clay or 

 boulder-clay, and sometimes directly on the rock, and the 

 latter is often striated below this deposit ; but in this 

 case there is generidly reason to believe that boulder-clay 

 has been removed by denudation. It is to l)e ol)served, how- 

 ever, that the typical Saxicava sand and the upper or newer 

 boulder-th'ift belong to the same })eri(Kl of submergence. 



4. — Terraces and Inland Sea Cliffs, and Kaiins. 



These are closely connected with the deposits last 

 mentioned, inasmuch as they have l)een formed by the 



