PHYSICAL AND CLIMATAL CONDITIOXS. ] 27 



origin of the coteau must also explain the transport of 

 these houlders so far above it and beyond its limits, as 

 well as the contemporaneous distribution of boulders 

 from the Jlocky mountains to the eastward. These 

 phenomena are explicable on the hypothesis of a nlacial 

 sea of varying depth, but not on that of land gladation, 

 which would also be inapplicable in a region necessarily 

 of so small precipitation of moisture and occupied by soft 

 deposits so little suited to the movement of glaciers, yi 

 fortiori the same explanation a})i)lies to that great tail of 

 di%'iH extending from the southern end of the Afissouri 

 coteau across the continent, and which forms the great 

 " terminal moraine " of the continental glacialists. The 

 fact that this so-called moraine sometimes occurs where 

 there is no elevated shore innnediately outside of it con- 

 stitutes no objection to this, since there may have been 

 unequal elevation. There is, nevertheless, good evidence 

 of the action of glaciers on a large scale in certain portions 

 of the glacial periods, both on the Uocky mountains and 

 on the Laurentian hills and table-lands to the east. 



3. -ICE-FRESHETS IX RIVERS. 



3. A cause of boulder-drift to which too little import- 

 ance has been attached, is what may l)e termed " ice 

 freshets" in the rivers of northern latitudes. Lyell Ju\s 

 summed up some facts of this kind in relatioii to the 

 rivers of Siberia, and IJelgrand has referred to the 

 evidence in the valley of the Somme. On a small scale, 

 I have noted the effects of these ice-floods in Xova Scotia 

 and New Brunswick. They occur in early spring, when 

 sudden thaws and violent rains sometimes occur before 

 the ice in the rivers has broken up. In these circum- 

 stances, the rivers rising break up the ice on their 



