122 



TITANOTHEEES OF ANCIENT WYOMING, DAKOTA, AND NEBRASKA 





/2.O00 to /O.OOO 



6.000 fo 2,000 



/oo' 





^ ^ ^ 



« ^ 

 I S 



>0 



Vi 



I 





I 





/-/yr3<zoc/o/?/s 



D. s'ama- 



frensis 

 (Suma/ra) 



/?. i/n/cor/7/s 



O. 6 /cor/7 is 

 C/Hfr^'ca) 



/Icerafheres 

 (£i/rope, /is/ 3. M /l/rjer/c^) 



/?. SO/7c/a/CUS 



/l/77y/?oc/o///s 



Me/a/77y/?oc/o/7/s 



Z~. a/^r/C(9r7us- 



£'. 3/'/-/C3/?tJS 



fSat^ y/7n3/7S o/~ /^/r/ c^) 



^/ep//as //7£7/ 



Ps/ae o/r?3sfo - 



A^as? oa^o/7/s 



fFar ?s/s o/'/ne//'^) 



^//>p opo fa/77/ 



Z?C/^0/7^ 





N 



£ as/'nus 

 {/Africa) 



£.przew3/sA/ 

 (y^sia s/eppesj 



£. ze.&r^ 



fj^fr/ca p/3:^e.aus) 



NypoAippic/S— 



ttypc h/pp/c/s 



£. zebrs 



£. iurc/ie/// 

 £.^revy/ 

 £. ^cjsgga 



■5 



Tap/rus 



C/t/g/7 



(Soc/M 



/Indi'^s) 



A/7?e r/ca) 



Tap/rus 



ba/rc// 

 ^oL//h /imer/'ca) 



Tap/ras 



/nd/cus 



77 smer/canus 



(/.Oiv/anc/.r S. Amer/ca) 



Te/ma'fheres 

 (H/^h p/3ins) 



Menodonfs— 



Symboroc/onfs 

 (Hi'//y regions) 



Man/eoceraf/nes 



Bronfofheres 

 ^f/oocf p/aJ/7s) 



-Menodonts 

 Bron fop/n es 



DoZ/chorh/nes 



Mefarhines 



Pa/aeosyop/nes 



Figure 78. — Geographic cross section showing the nature of the habitats of the larger existing ungulates 

 and of the titanotheres as illustrating adaptive radiation 



The upper row shows the present geographic distribution ot the ungulates in continental Africa and the theoretic geographic features of the 

 Rocky Mountain region in Eocene and Oligocene time— namely, high valleys, plateaus, foothills, plains, river valleys, flood plains, bot- 

 tom lands, and river and lake borders. The second row shows the corresponding present distribution of the plant foods of different 

 types of browsing and grazing, cursorial, graviportal, and semiaquatic quadrupeds. The four next lower rows show, in descending order, 

 the corresponding adaptive radiation of the rhinoceroses, extinct and living; of the elephants and mastodons and the typical aquatic hippo- 

 potami and sirenians; of the plateau, plains, and forest types of horses; of the mountain, foothill, and lowland types of tapirs. The bot- 

 tom row shows the theoretic adaptive radiation of the principal types of titanotheres— telmathcres and menodonts of the higher levels; 

 symborodonts in the foothills; manteoceratines, brontothercs, brontopines, and menodonts on the flood plains; dolichorhines, metarhines, 

 and palaeosyopines on the lowlands and river borders. 



