1998 Year of the Ocean Coastal Tourism and Recreation 



development of a public awareness and outreach program focused on the determinants of 

 successful coastal tourism. 



5. Little guidance (in the form of standards, codes of conduct, manuals, etc.) is currently 

 available to states and communities for guiding appropriate tourism development in 

 coastal areas. While individual coastal communities and coastal states have taken initiative in 

 preparing guides and codes of conduct related to coastal tourism and recreation, many others 

 have not yet done so. The federal government can play a useful role here in providing guidance 

 to states and communities in their attempts to manage coastal tourism and recreation 

 appropriately. Usefiil activities include the development of standards, guides, and manuals for 

 managing coastal tourism, in cooperation with relevant non-governmental organizations, the 

 private sector, and international entities working on these issues. Also, management standards for 

 recreational beaches, for example, those developed for the European Blue Flag program, could 

 play a valuable role in improving conditions at some U.S. beaches. 



REFERENCES 



Bacon, R. and Kibler, T. 1996. "Nature-Based Tourism Development in South Carolina." South 

 Carolina Sea Grant Extension Program, South Carolina. 



Bramwell, B. 1991. "Shades of Green Tourism." Leisure Management, Spring: 41-42. 



Bookman, Charles, 1997. Personal communication, November 20, 1997. 



Butler, R.W. 1993. "Tourism: An Evolutionary Perspective." Tourism and Sustainable 

 Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing. J. Nelson, R. Butler, and G. Wall, Eds. 

 University of Waterloo: Heritage Resources Centre Joint Publication Number 1. 



Caballos-Lascurain, Hector. 1988. "The Future of Ecotourism." ^nwa/^ of Tourism Research 18: 

 26-40. 



Cicin-Sain, B. 1993. "Sustainable Development, Integrated Coastal Management and Tourism: 

 Challenges to Mediterranean Countries," MEDCOAST '93 Proceedings, Antalya, Turkey. 



Cicin-Sain, B. and Robert W. Knecht. 1991. "The Role of Government in Tourism 

 Development." Proceedings, International Conference on Marine and Coastal Tourism. 

 Honolulu, Hawaii. 



Cicin-Sain, B. and Robert W. Knecht. 1998. Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: 

 Concepts and Experiences. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 



Cunningham, C and Walker, K. 1996. "Enhancing Public Access to the Coast through the 

 CZMA." The Journal of Marine Education, Volume 14, Number 1 . pp 8-1 1 . 



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