Appendix A Organizational Alternatives 

 and Regulation of U.S. Commercial 

 Fisheries Vll-71 



Section 2 Mineral Resources 



. . VlI-89 



Findings and Recommendations .... VlI-89 



I. Introduction Vn-95 



A. Demand and Adequacy from 



Conventional Sources . . . VII-96 



B. Potential from Marine Resources VlI-98 



1 . Chemical Constituents of 



Sea Water VIl-101 



2. Submerged Placer Deposits . VII-101 



3. Deposits in the Substrate of 



Shelves and Slopes . . .VIM 04 



4. Deposits on the Deep Ocean 



Floors VIM 06 



5. Deposits in the Substrate of 



the Deep Ocean Basins . .VIM 07 



6. Metals Deposited from 



Submarine Hot Waters . .VII-107 



II. Present State of the Marine Mining 



Industry VIM 07 



A. Organization VIM08 



B. Financing VIM 09 



C. Technology VIM09 



D. U.S. Capabilities To Use 



Marine Resources . . . .VIM 10 



1 . UnconsoUdated Deposits . .VIM 10 



2. Consolidated Deposits . . . VII-1 1 1 



E. Foreign Capabilities VIM 12 



F. Potential Impact of Marine 



Mining on Land Mining . . . VIM 1 2 



1 . Impacts on Technology and 



Industrial Organization . . VIM 12 



2. Impacts on Markets . . . .VIM 12 



G. Legal Envirormient in Which 



Mineral Resources Can Be 



Exploited VIM 14 



III. Present Level and Structure of 



Government Activity . . . .VIM 20 



A. Federal VIM21 



1 . Geological Survey . . . .VIM 21 



2. Bureau of Mines VIM 21 



3. Bureau of Land Management .VIM 22 



B. State VIM22 



IV. Opportunities To Improve Marine 



Mineral Resources Usage and 



Development VIM 23 



A. Gaps in Basic Knowledge . . . VIM 23 



B. Gaps in Technology That Re- 



strict Exploration for and 

 Evaluation of Marine Mineral 

 Resources VIM 23 



C. Gaps in Technology and Engineer- 



ing That Restrict Exploitation 



of Marine Mineral Resources . VlI-1 24 



D. Inadequate or Restrictive Legal 



Environment for Private or 



Public Investment . . . .VIM 25 



E. Absence or Inadequate Level of 



Supporting Services by State 



or Federal Government . . .VIM 25 



F. Restrictions on Private Research, 



Development, and Production 



from National Security 



Policies VIM 25 



G. Education and Training 



Requirements VIM 25 



V. Role of Federal and Non-Federal 



Government and Private Industry: 

 Complementary and Competitive 



Activities VIM 25 



Appendix A Demand Projections and 

 Supply Potential for Individual Mineral 

 Commodities That Are Known To Occur 

 in the Offshore Environment . . .VIM 28 

 Appendix B Summary of State and Local 



Activities in Non-Living Resources . .VIM 65 

 Appendix C Hypothetical 



Dredging Operations VIM 78 



Sections Oil and Gas VII-187 



Findings and Recommendations .... VIM 87 



I. Introduction VIM 89 



A. Fossil Fuels in the U.S. and 



World Economy VIM89 



B. Rate of Utilization of Fossil 



Fuels VIM91 



1. Petroleum VIM 93 



2. Natural Gas VII-193 



II. Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas . .VIM 94 



A. Supply Prospects from 



Domestic Sources . . . .VIM 94 



B. Supply Prospects from Domestic 



Offshore Areas VIM 96 



C. Possible Domestic Substitute 



Sources of Energy .... VII-202 



III. Present Operating Capabilities . . VII-203 

 A. Exploration Capabilities . . . VII-203 



