given prior notification of (a) the intent to carry 

 on such research, (b) the period or periods of time 

 during which the research will be conducted and 

 (c) a description of its objects and methods, 

 sufficiently in advance of its commencement so 

 that the coastal State, if it so decides, may 

 participate or be represented in all or part of the 

 research; and (2) the investigators agree to publish 

 the results of the research. 



For this purpose, as well as for the purpose of 

 all the recommendations made herein, the "terri- 

 torial waters" of a coastal State shall include 

 waters which were once part of the territorial sea 

 or the high seas, but are now internal waters 

 because of (a) the use of a system of straight 

 baseUnes to measure the breadth of the territorial 

 sea; or (b) the closing of bays in accordance with 

 Article 7 of the Convention on the Territorial Sea 

 and the Contiguous Zone. 



b. Fishery research (including the Umited 

 taking of fish) may be conducted in the exclusive 

 fisheries zone of any coastal State, subject to the 

 provisos set forth above. 



c. Research submersibles may be used in the 

 conduct of scientific research otherwise author- 

 ized, even if they do not navigate on the surface, 

 provided that the coastal State is also notified of 

 the time, place and manner of their use suffi- 

 ciently in advance to assure safety of navigation. 



d. Research buoys may be placed in any 

 coastal State's territorial waters and provision shall 

 be made for their protection, as well as for the 

 protection of research buoys placed in the super- 

 jacent waters of the continental shelves or in the 

 high seas beyond the continental shelves, against 

 unwarranted interference from any source. The 

 coastal State, however, may specify reasonable 

 requirements for buoy location, lighting, marking 

 and communications in its territorial waters. 



It will not be difficult to prevent abuse of the 

 recommended provisions for free scientific in- 

 quiry. The coastal State may observe, from its 

 vessels or aircraft, all activities carried on in the 

 name of scientific inquiry. It also has the practical 

 power to inspect buoys and other unmanned 

 devices used for research purposes. 



Whether a vessel or installation is engaged in 

 mineral resources exploitation or in scientific 

 research can readily be ascertained by observing 

 the gear or equipment it carries and the overboard 



operations in which it is engaged. It may not be so 

 easy to determine by such an examination whether 

 a vessel is engaged in commercial fishing or 

 scientific research, although the quantity of fish 

 taken in the latter activity should be significantly 

 less than in the former. However, the coastal 

 State has an additional safeguard. It may always 

 decide to participate or to be represented in the 

 research itself. 



Taken together, these safeguards also furnish 

 assurance that scientific inquiry will not become a 

 cover for espionage. 



It should be noted that the panel has not 

 recommended that the proposed new convention 

 should apply generally to the internal waters of 

 States. Security concerns in internal waters are too 

 sensitive to be allayed by the safeguards we have 

 provided in the case of other waters. 



V. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN 

 MARINE SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY 



Because our knowledge of the oceans and their 

 resources is exceedingly limited and a vast, com- 

 plex and diverse program of scientific inquiry 

 transcending national boundaries is necessary to 

 increase our understanding of the marine environ- 

 ment, international scientific collaboration is es- 

 sential if such understanding is to come in time to 

 benefit the living generations of mankind. 



For example, no single nation has a sufficient 

 number of scientists or ships to make the studies 

 of the changes in the temperature of the oceans 

 which are required to improve the accuracy of 

 long-range weather predictions. International co- 

 operation in making these studies will greatly 

 reduce the cost of the undertaking for each 

 participating nation. 



Similar benefits will flow from international 

 collaboration in ascertaining the sizes, distribution, 

 and interrelationships of ocean fish populations, 

 some species of which wander over great distances. 

 Furthermore, when many countries exploit a fish 

 stock, cooperation is necessary to give scientists 

 access to the data and experience of each country, 

 without which the condition of the stock cannot 

 be assessed. 



International collaboration will also make it 

 possible for interested countries to share the costs 

 of systematically surveying the bed underlying the 

 high seas and its subsoil— an enormous task which 



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