Since the range is limited in both cases, samples with 
concentrations outside the range (larger in both cases) were 
diluted with distilled water, by weight, to normal concen- 
trations. Then the chlorinity or salinity was determined. 
Ranges: Knudsen method, Salinity: 29 ° 700 to 39 °7oo 
Salinometer, Salinity: 4 ~/oo to 51 9/oo 
The determinations of concentrations have to be done 
very carefully, since the boiling point elevation is deter- 
mined with an accuracy of +.001°C. The corresponding 
accuracy in concentration determination is approximately 
0.1%. A test run was made in order to determine the 
effects of acidification, boiling, concentration, and 
redilution of concentrated sea water, on the determination 
of salinity by salinometer. The results showed that the 
processes do not affect the salinity determination appreer- 
ably and no correction is required. 
Limitations of the Old Apparatus: The old apparatus 
has been used so far to determine the BPE of sea water 
between 80°C and 120°C. Since the body of the apparatus 
is made of glass it cannot be used at higher pressures 
or temperatures. Also at higher temperatures, the problem 
of heat loss becomes more acute, requiring high capacity 
heaters in the condensate collecting bowls. In the lower 
temperature and pressure range, the cificiency ot the 
Cottrell pumps fall, and this makes pressure control 
difficult. 
New Apparatus 
Design: For reasons described above, the old 
apparatus is unsuitable below 80°C or above 120°C. In 
order to obtain data outside this range, construction of a 
new apparatus was essential. In order that this new 
apparatus (Figure 17) withstands higher pressure, it has 
been made smaller, but with sturdier glass which can be 
easily replaced by stainless Steel af required. ~The 
Cottrell pumps have been replaced by centrifugal pumps, so 
that the operation does not become troublesome at lower 
pressures. In order to prevent the complication arising 
due to heat loss, the whole apparatus is enclosed in a 
temperature-controlled oven, which is kept at a temperature 
slightly lower than the boiling point of pure water. The 
rest of the design was done in such a way as to avoid the 
problems encountered in the operations of the old BPE 
apparatus. Only modifications are being made to improve 
48 
