The author, N. C. Flemming, is caught by a 

 second camera as he takes motion pictures 

 during the 1958-59 Apoilonia expedition. 



Richard Everington, one of the Cambridge 

 divers at Apoilonia, examines grain 

 silos cut out of roct<. in classical times. 



of laying carefully cut blocks below the water level, the Greeks 

 dumped in rubble until the mound broke the surface, then they 

 built a wall along it. As at Tyre, Apoilonia has one harbor inside 

 the city fortifications, the other outside. It was general practice for 

 the Greeks to build two interconnected harbors, but they usually 

 had separate entrances so that a ship could enter port in any wind. 

 It is difficult to see how there could have been a separate entrance 

 to the inner harbor at Apoilonia, and so the plan becomes more 

 like the cothon and commercial port system of the Phoenicians in 

 North Africa. 



Just inside the east breakwater we found a large submerged 

 piscina, or fish tank, divided into many compartments and connected 

 to the open sea by narrow channels. The Romans cultivated fish in 

 such tanks, regulating the small tide of the Mediterranean with 

 stone or bronze sluice gates. It was the piscina that gave us our 

 most important clue to the city's subsidence of six and a half feet, 

 since it was built more than 2500 years ago. Unplanned finds such 

 as the piscina can be rewarding. 



Another find was made by Hugh Edwards. One day while 

 Natalka Czartoryska and I were filming the tunnel in the Grotto 

 Reef, Hugh was measuring a small building near the Roman quays 

 when suddenly he saw the corner of a block of stone sticking out 

 of the white sand, and in it was a hole about three inches across. 

 He swam down to it, scoured away the sand, and found himself 

 1 ooking at a prize — a wedge-shaped Greek anchor. He pried it out 

 of the mud, clutched it, then struggled toward the surface. But it 

 was too heavy, and since he was without an aqualung he had to 

 drop the anchor and race to the surface for a breath. But Hugh is 

 not a man to be defeated by a small engineering problem. Taking 

 a deep lungful of air he dived down again, clasped the precious 

 stone to his chest and began to walk slowly along the bottom 

 toward the shore. After a minute or so he had to drop anchor and 

 surface again, then dive once more. It took a quarter of an hour 

 to reach the beach, where he sat down exhausted but happy. 



This kind of anchor is one of the earliest types known. From 

 the Odyssey we know that the Mycenaeans used heavy stones to 

 anchor their ships, and the first development was a stone with a 

 hole in it for a rope. At Syracuse, in 1959, divers found several 

 oddly-shaped stones that might have been primitive anchors, but 

 their use is not yet certain. The hole in our Apoilonia anchor 

 probably took a long crossbeam to control the position of the 

 anchor when it struck bottom. At the opposite end were two holes 

 perpendicular to the first one. They probably took short stakes that 

 dug into the sea bed. The rope would have been attached to the longer 

 beam on either side of the stone. Anchors found on the earlier Roman 

 wrecks were made of wood and lead. One diver discovered many 

 lead anchor stocks from Syracuse harbor during 1955 and 1956. 

 The largest one weighed 702 pounds, the smallest about ten pounds. 

 It is not clear when the first iron anchors were introduced, although 

 some of the very primitive types found in Sicily may be late Roman 

 or early Arabic. 



The prosperity of Cyrenaica in Roman times was such that the 

 coastal settlements were very close together. We visited three of 

 these known minor harbors, and discovered a fourth. Naustathmos 

 and Erithrium had very Uttle to show for themselves; but at 



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