Men Against the Sea 



Pytheas 



A sundial of the late Roman period. 

 This was one of the earliest known 

 methods of determining position 

 possibly available to Pytheas during 

 his voyage. 





The thick and sluggish "curdled sea" 

 described by Pytheas on his voyage to 

 "Thule" possibly owed its appearance 

 to ice of the type shown riglit. 







^ 



Ferdinand Magellan 



This map of 1536 by Battista Agnese 

 shows the route of IVlagellan's ship 

 Victoria, the first ship to circum- 

 navigate the world. The trade route 

 from Spain to Peru by way of the 

 Isthmus of Panama is also marked. 



Earliest recorded European astrolabe 

 dated c. 1185. The astronomers' 

 astrolabe in mediaeval times was an 

 instrument designed to observe the 

 altitude of the Sun and stars and to 

 plot their positions, Basically it 

 was a brass disc engraved with a 

 projection of the sky as seen by the 

 observer, graduated around the 

 perimeter and fitted with an alidade. 

 Mariners used a simplified version. 



Captain James Cook 



This map of the Southern Hemisphere 

 was made by Cook in 1772, showing by 

 dotted lines the tracks of earlier 

 navigators. It also shows Cook's 

 proposed route for his second voyage - 

 to be taken by the Resolution and 

 Adventure - as a continuous line. 



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