Sunken Cities 



and Forgotten Wrecks 



Ships 



The earliest known ships were those 

 of Egypt. From about 3000 B.C. to 

 1000 B.C. they were buiit of short 

 plan(<s (above) held by dowels. The 

 midship section (above right) shows the 

 double mast of an Egyptian ship of 

 about 1500 B.C. Greek warships were 

 about 150 feet long and had a pointed 

 ram at the bow. Such ships built of 

 unseasoned planking must have had 

 a short life. The fighting ships of the 

 Romans (right) were copied from 

 Carthaginian ships and were manned 

 by slaves. The Roman warships were 

 designed chiefly as troop transport 

 carriers which enabled the soldiers 

 to grapple and board an enemy ship. 

 Roman merchant ships of the first 

 century a.d. were two-masted. A 

 large center mainmast carried one 

 large sail and possibly a topsail. 

 In the bows a small foremast carried 

 a smaller sail set at an angle. 



Early Anchor Stock 



Later Development of an Anchor Stock 



Classical Anchor 



Anchors 



Ships of the Mediterranean probably 

 began carrying anchors about the 

 seventh century B.C. The earliest 

 anchors were most likely blocks of 

 stone. Later lead and wood, and iron 

 were used. One first-century a.d. 

 Roman anchor had a lead stock weigh- 

 ing 900 pounds and a shank of wood. 



Amphorae 



Amphorae, jars made of baked clay, 

 were used to store wine, oil, fish, 

 and other products. Amphorae can be 

 classified to provide chronological 

 evidence of the age of wrecks. The 

 classification shown here is based 

 on that of Paul Eydoux; I. Etruscan 

 amphora, 6th century B.C.; 2. Ionian 

 amphora, 5th to 3rd century B.C.; 

 3. amphora from Rhodes, 2nd century 

 B.C.; 4. Greek; 5. Italian amphora, 

 2nd century B.C., of cylindrical 

 form with long neck; 6. Italian 

 amphora - from Campania and called 

 the "Punic" type because of the 

 similarity to those from Carthage. 



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