Much of the work was under the 

 direction of Alexander Agassiz. 



H. M. I. S. INVESTIGATOR (1885-1905) 



INVESTIGATOR II (1908-26) 



These survey ships of the Royal 

 Indian Marine over the years made 

 extensive studies, primarily bio- 

 logical, of the Arabian Sea and 

 the Bay of Bengal. 



HIRONDELLE 

 PRINCESS ALICE 

 PRINCESS ALICE II 

 HIRONDELLE II 



(1885-88) 



(1892-97) 



(1898-1907) 



(1911-22) 



From the year 1885, the Prince of 

 Monaco made systematic oceanographic 

 studies from the Cape Verde Islands 

 to Spitsbergen, and from the 

 Mediterranean to the coasts of New 

 England and Newfoundland. 



VITIAZ (1886-89) 



This Russian research vessel 

 circumnavigated the globe under 

 Admiral S. 0. Makarov who made many 

 observations of sea temperature, 

 specific gravity, currents, and 

 tides. Makarov became well known 

 for his oceanographic work and was 

 one of the scientists who built up 

 the International Council for the 

 Exploration of the Sea. 



S. S. NATIONAL (1889) 



This German expedition worked in the 

 North Atlantic under Professor Victor 

 Hansen with the special object of 

 studying the plankton and food cycles 

 in the sea. Hensen was the first to 

 use the name plankton, and it was 

 called the Plankton Expedition. 



FRAM (1893-96) 



Fridtjof Nansen made his remarkable 

 drift across the Arctic Basin in 

 this ship. He made many valuable 

 oceanographic, magnetic, astronomical, 

 and meteorological observations. He 

 showed that there was a large volume 

 of relatively warm and highly saline 

 subsurface water derived from lower 

 latitudes. 



INGOLF (1895-96) 



This Danish ship made extensive 

 biological and physical studies in 

 the North Atlantic. 



VALDIVIA (1898-99) 



This German Deep Sea Expedition, 

 under Professor Carl Chun, made 

 extensive studies of the biology, 

 physics, and bottom deposits of the 

 Atlantic, Indian, and Antarctic 

 oceans. She trawled successfully 

 at great depths in high southern 

 latitudes. 



BELGICA (1897-99) 



This Belgian Antarctic Expedition 

 made biological collections and 

 physical observations in the ocean 

 west of Graham Sound and south of 

 Peter I Island. She was the first 

 ship to winter in the Antarctic. 



SIBOGA (1899-1900) 



The Netherlands Deep Sea Expedition 

 principally studied the biology and 



also the hydrography of the waters 

 of the East Indies and Malaya. 



GAUSS (1901-04) 



The German South Polar Expedition 

 under E. von Drygalski made 

 extensive studies of all aspects 

 of oceanography, mainly south of 

 the western Indian Ocean. 



SCOTIA (1902-04) 



This Scottish Antarctic Expedition 

 was particularly successful in 

 dredging and trawling at great 

 depths in the Weddell Sea and off 

 Coats Land. 



S. M. S. PLANET (1906) 



On this expedition German scientists 

 worked in the Atlantic and Indian 

 oceans, and discovered the 

 remarkable double trench south of 

 Java with depths of more than 7000 

 meters. 



DEUTSCHLAND (1911-12) 



This German Antarctic Expedition, 

 under V\/ilhelm Filchner and the 

 oceanographer W. Brennecke, made 

 remarkable contributions to our 

 knowledge of the physics and 

 chemistry of the western half of 

 the South Atlantic Ocean and the 

 V\/eddell Sea. Professor Lohmann, 

 also on the voyage, added much to 

 our knowledge of plankton. 



METEOR (1925-27) 



This German Atlantic Expedition made 

 repeated sections across the South 

 Atlantic Ocean. The physical, 

 chemical, geological, meteorological 

 (and some biological) observations 

 made during the voyage contributed 

 more than any previous expedition to 

 our basic understanding of the ocean. 



DISCOVERY 

 WILLIAM SCORESBY 

 DISCOVERY II 



(1926-31) 

 (1926-39) 

 (1929- ) 



These ships of the Discovery 

 Investigations made soundings, 

 physical and chemical observations, 

 and quantitative plankton studies all 

 around the Antarctic continent. The 

 physical and chemical data have- been 

 published and much of the biological 

 material has been reported on. 



GALILEE (1905-09) 



CARNEGIE (1909-29) 



These ships of the Carnegie Institute 

 of Washington made the most extensive 

 studies of the Earth's magnetic field 

 over the ocean. During the last 

 voyage extensive oceanographic 

 observations, mainly in the tropical 

 Pacific Ocean, were also made. 



NORW/EGIA (1927-31) 



The Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 

 under Professor Haakon Mosby and 

 Gunnar Isachsen added a great deal to 

 our knowledge of the Antarctic Ocean. 



DANA (1928-30) 



The Carlsberg Foundation 

 Oceanographical Expedition around 

 the world was the largest of a 

 series of Danish expeditions 

 directed by Johannes Schmidt. 



WILLEBRORD SNELLIUS (1929-31) 



A Netherlands expedition made a very 

 detailed oceanographic survey of the 

 waters of the East Indian Archipelago. 



ATLANTIS (1930- ) 



Since 1930 the principal research 

 ship of the Woods Hole Oceanographic 

 Institution, the Atlantis, has carried 

 out extensive oceanographic programs 

 in the North Atlantic. 



MABAHISS (1933) 



This ship carried the John Murray 

 Expedition to the Arabian and Red 

 seas. Extensive soundings, physical 

 and chemical studies, and biological 

 and geological collections w.ere made. 



While this list calls attention to 

 large oceanographic expeditions, it 

 makes no mention of the steady and 

 continuing work of many smaller 

 research ships, warships, cable ships, 

 and fishing ships that have maintained 

 continuous observations in ocean 

 waters nearer home. 

 The Michael Sars is an outstanding 

 example. From 1900 to 1910 she made 

 observations all over the Norwegian 

 Sea and northern North Sea, and in 1910 

 she went on an extended cruise 

 (described by Sir John Murray and 

 Johan Hjort in their classical work 

 Depttis of the Ocean) to the Mediter- 

 ranean, the Canary Islands, the Azores, 

 and Newfoundland. 

 Since the second world war most of 

 the principal maritime countries have 

 expanded their oceanographic surveys; 

 researches and the list of ships and 

 men employed far outweigh all previous 

 efforts. Two rather special expeditions 

 of smaller countries are outstanding : 

 The Albatross Expedition (1947^8), led 

 by Professor Hans Pettersson, added 

 much to our knowledge of the physics 

 and geology of the Atlantic, Indian, 

 and Pacific oceans; and the Galathea 

 Expedition (1950-52), led by Dr. Anton 

 Brunn, made a special study of marine 

 life at the greatest depths and 

 trawled successfully at a depth of 

 10,190 meters in the Philippine Trench. 

 From the U.S.A. one of the most 

 spectacular research ships is the 

 Vema which has made extensive 

 geophysical observations as far away 

 as the Antarctic and Indian Oceans. 



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