Illustration Credits 

 Facts about the Sea 



Unless otherwise stated, diagrams are by 

 GEOGRAPHICAL PROJECTS LTD. 



photographs by Michael holford. 



248 Geological time scale 



"A Revised Geological Time Scale" by 

 A. Holmes (Oliver c! Boyd, 1960). 



249 Theory of Continental drift Snider, 

 Extents of carboniferous glaciation, 

 Gondwanaland theory, 



all "Principles of Physical Geology" by 



A. Holmes (Nelson). 



Theory of Continental Drift du Toit, 



"Our Wandering Continents" by A. du 



Toit, (Oliver i Boyd). 



Polar wanderings, 



"Geophysical Journal" vol. 2, 1959 



(Royal Astronomical Society). 



250 Roman sundial and Mediaeval astrolabe, 

 courtesy Trustees of the British Museum. 

 Pancake ice, 



photograph Planet News Ltd. 

 Map by Battista Agnese, 1545, 

 courtesy John Carter Brown Library, 

 Brown University, Rhode Island. 

 Cook's proposed route, 

 "Journals of Captain James Cook on his 

 Voyage of Discovery" erf. by J. C. Beagle- 

 hole (published for the Hakluyt Society by 

 Cambridge University Press) 

 painting peter sullivan. 



251 Cook's survey of the St. Law/rence, 



by permission of the Hydrographer of the 



Navy (chart on loan to the National 



Maritime Museum, England. 



Ross iceberg, 



photograph ALFRED SAUNDERS. 



Barrow's map, 



"A Study of the Oceans" by J. Johnstone 



(Edward Arnold), 



drawing peter sullivan. 



Ross Compass, 



courtesy Scott Polar Research Institute, 



Cambridge. 



Nansen taking water temperature, 



original photograph from H. Aschehoug 



and Co., Oslo. 



Nautilus control room, 



Official U.S. Navy Photo. 



Lead in ice, 



photograph William j. Campbell. 



252 Zones of environment, 



"The Ecological Zoneation of the Deep 

 Sea" by A. P. Bruun, Tokyo, 1955 (Unesco 

 symposium on physical oceanography). 



253 Townets, 

 "Ozeanologie" by Erich Bruns 

 (Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften). 

 Isaacs-Kidd mid water trawl, 

 cour(esy University of California, 

 Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 

 High speed plankton sampler, 

 courtesy U.S. Department of the interior, 

 Fish and Wildlife Service. 



Hardy plankton recorder, 



"Oceanography and Marine Biology" 



by H. Barnes (George Allen (S Unwin). 



Petersen grab, 



catalogue of Max Marx S Berndt, Berlin, 



1928. 



254 Egyptians building a boat, 



' 'Das Antike Seewesen" by August Koester, 



Berlin, 1923. 



Cross section of boat, 



"The Mariner's Mirror" vol. 22, 1936, 



and Capt. C. V. Solver, R. D. N. 



Roman mosaic, 



courtesy Mansell Collection. 



Anchors, 



all photographs GERHARD kapitan. 



Amphorae, 



"Hommes et Dieux de la Gaule" by 



H. P. Eydoux (Editions Plan), 



drawing peter sullivan. 



255 Harbour diagrams, 



"Klio" supplement, 1923, vol. 19 edited by 



Karl Lehman-Hartleben, 



(Dietrische Verlagsbuchhandlung). 



Diver with camera, 



photograph SERGE DE sazo-rapho. 



Submarine vehicle 



courtesy Dimitri Rebikoff. 



256 Echo sounding, 

 "Oceanography and Marine Biology" 

 by H. Barnes (George Allen <S Unwin). 

 Echo ranging. 



courtesy A. H. Stride. 



Neutral buoyancy float diagram, 



Camera unit. 



Echo tracings, 



all courtesy National Institute of 



Oceanography, England. 



Corer, 



"Westward Ho with the Albatross" by Hans 



Pettersson (E. P. Dutton i Co., Inc.) 



257 Thermometer, 



"The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry 

 and General Biology" by Sverdrup, John- 

 son and Flemming (Prentice-Hall, Inc.. 

 U.S.A.) © 1942, reprinted by permission. 

 Wafer sampler. 

 Salinity meter, 



both courtesy National Institute of 

 Oceanography, England. 

 Ekman current meter, 

 "Science of the Sea" by G. H. Fowler and 



E. J. Allen (Clarendon Press). 

 Roberts Current Meter, 

 photograph courtesy Kelvin Hughes. 



258 Profiles, 



Formation of a canyon (p. 259), 

 both "The Earth Beneath the Sea" by 



F. P. Shepard (The John Hopkins Press). 

 Formation of a coral atoll, 



' 'Exploring the Deep Pacific" by Helen Raitt 



(W. W. Norton and Co.. Inc.) 



last two diagrams peter sullivan. 



Formation of a guyot, 



courtesy A. S. Laughton. 



259 Monterey, 



"Possible Pre-Pleistocene deep sea fans off 



Central California" by H. W. Menard 



(Bulletin of the Geological Society 



of America, 1960) 



diagram peter sullivan. 



Mid ocean ridges, 



courtesy "Scientific American," October, 



1960. 



260-1 All charts from "Meteor" Expedition 



reports, 1925-27, vol. 6 text and atlas by 



G. WustandA.Defant. (Walterde Gruyter). 



262 Tide generating forces. 

 Distribution of tide forces, 

 Equilibrium tide, 



all courtesy K. F. Bowden, and 



"New Scientist". 



Rotary tide movement, 



"The Tide" by H. A. Marmer (D. Appleton 



& Co.). 



263 North Sea tides, 

 "Admiralty Manual of Tides" 



by A. T. Doodson and H. D. Warburg 

 Crown copyright reserved, reproduction 

 by permission of the Controller of H. M. 

 Stationery Office. 

 Tidal current, 



"AnIntroductiontoPhysicalOceanography" 

 1962, by W. S. von Arx (Addison Wesley, 

 Reading, Mass). 



264 Beach nomenclature. Rip current, 

 Dungeness (p. 265) and beach profiles 

 (p. 265) 



alt "Beaches and Coasts" by C. A. M. King 



(Edward Arnold). 



Construction of a wave, 



"Beaches and Coastlines" by R. K. Gress- 



well (Hulton Educational Publications). 



Description of a wave, 



courtesy M. J. Tucker. 



Meteorological chart of the 



North Atlantic, 



Crown copyright reserved, reproduction 



by permission of the Controller ofH. M. 



Stationery Office. 



265 Cliff formations, 



"Textbook of Geology" by Lake and Rastall 

 (Edward Arnold). 



266 Salinity profiles, 



courtesy National Institute of 

 Oceanography, England. 

 Distribution of phosphates, 

 courtesy A. C. Red field. 

 Constituents of sea water, 

 courtesy R. A. Cox. 



267 Benguela current, 

 diagram peter sullivan. 

 Organic cycle of life, 



both diagrams courtesy R. I. Currie. 



29J 



