than there was 30 years ago, apparently over the whole Atlantic Basin. 
This discrepancy indicates that oxygen is being used up at the rate 
of about 0.01 cc/liter/year. Using this rate to calculate the age 
of the Atlantic water below 2500 meters, a time of about 140 years 
is determined. The chronological weather record shows that a very 
great cold spell was experienced over the whole northern hemisphere 140 
years ago. 
Water has to be chilled to a lower temperature (below 3° C.) 
than the bottom water in order to displace it. In normal winters, a 
water is produced at the surface. It sinks but stays above the colder 
bottom water. One can imagine that a series of very cold years will 
produce dense water that will sink to the bottom. Apparently 1810 
to 1814 was such a period; since then there has been no water made 
that has been heavy enough to get below 2500 meters. According to 
this theory the water below 2500 meters has been locked off for 140 
years. It may very well be that the natural state of the ocean is 
(16) 
to have no oxygen in the deep water. 
Discrepancies between cl4 and Oxygen Turnover Rates: One 
14 
explanation why the C”” results to date have shown such large values 
may be that the cl4 samples have all been taken very close to the 
bottom. From acoustical evidence it is pretty certain that something 
unusual happens near the bottom. It is believed that there is a 
turbulent mixing layer adjacent to the bottom. This layer would have 
available all of the carbon that the worms have brought up out of the 
14 method should be made 
mud. Critical age determinations by the C 
in the span between 500 meters above the bottom up to the bottom of 
(16) 
the main thermocline. eo 
