watt wind generators for charging batteries appears 

 to be the only successful modification in power 

 supplies. These generators have been successfully 

 tested on the NOMAD buoy in the Gulf of Mexico. 



Until the reliability of electronics and moor- 

 ing systems is greatly increased, there will be 

 little requirement for long-lived power supplies. 

 Atomic batteries, butane engine-generators, and 

 similar sources of power will undoubtedly be popu- 

 lar as buoys become larger and long-lived. (28) 



BUOY SENSORS . Many organizations have employed 

 hydrophones as sensors in their buoy projects. 

 Among these are the Naval Electronics Laboratory; 

 Maritime Air Command, Halifax; and the Office of 

 Naval Research. Both slack and taut moors are used, 

 but the mooring line must contain electrical con- 

 ductors to carry the output signals. Many hydro- 

 phone arrays are designed to telemeter. These 

 systems, whether drifting or anchored, offer ex- 

 cellent platforms for continuous, multilevel moni- 

 toring of acoustic data. 



Savonius rotor current meters have been widely 

 adapted for use in buoys. WHOI; the Army Corps of 

 Engineers; the Navy Sofar Station; Marine Advisors, 

 Incorporated; the Department of Health, Education, 

 and Welfare; and the U. S. Coast Guard are using 

 these meters on buoys. 



Temperature is also often recorded from buoys. 

 WHOI, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, the Navy 

 Electronics Laboratory, and the Office of Naval 

 Research have done research in buoy temperature 

 sensors . 



Other less commonly used transducers adapted 

 for buoy use measure radioactivity, moor strain, 

 and moor tilt. (28) 



BUOYAGE. A system of buoys. One in which the 

 buoys are assigned shape, color, and number dis- 

 tinction in accordance with location relative to 

 the nearest obstruction is called a cardinal sys- 

 tem. One in which buoys are assigned shape, color, 

 and number distinction as a means of indicating 

 navigable waters is called a lateral system. (17) 



BUOYANCY . By definition, buoyancy is the upward 

 force exerted on a floating, or immersed, body and 

 is independent of the weight of the body. The 

 state of buoyancy refers to the ratio between the 

 weight of the body and the weight of the displaced 

 fluid. In the case of submarines, the buoyancy are 



considered: (1) positive buoyancy. (2) neutral 

 buoyancy, and (3) negative buoyancy. 



1. POSITIVE BUOYANCY exists when the weight 

 of the body is less than the weight of an equal 

 volume of the displaced fluid. 



2. NEUTRAL BUOYANCY exists when the weight of 

 the body is equal to the weight of an equal volume 

 of the displaced fluid. A body in this state re- 

 mains suspended, neither rising nor sinking, unless 

 acted upon by an outside force. 



3. NEGATIVE BUOYANCY exists when the weight 

 of the body is greater than the weight of an equal 

 volume of the displaced fluid and the body sinks. 



Theoretically, a submarine is designed with 

 its main ballast tanks of such volume that when 

 they are flooded, the ship is in the state of neu- 

 tral buoyancy. Negative buoyancy is gained by 

 flooding the negative tank. (33) 



BUOYANT ASCENT . See FREE ASCENT. 



BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS . This engineering bureau 

 is charged with the design, construction, and main- 

 tenance of the Navy Shore Establishment. It tests 

 and evaluates techniques, equipment, and materials 

 used in the construction of shore installations 

 and bases. (40) 



BUSH . The mass of spray or dense water vapor 

 thrown outward from around the base of a waterspout. 

 Also called bonfire, cascade. (17) 



BUPERS . The U. S. Navy Bureau of Naval Personnel. 



BUSANDA . U. S. Navy Bureau of Supply and Accounts. 



BUSHIPS . The U. S. Navy Bureau of Ships. 



BUSTDS . The National Bureau of Standards. 



BUWEPS . The U. S. Navy Bureau of Naval Weapons. 



BUYS BALLOT'S LAW . (Also called baric wind law.) 

 A law describing the relationship of the horizontal 

 wind direction in the atmosphere to the pressure 

 distribution: if one stands with his back to the 

 wind, the pressure to the left is lower than to the 

 right in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern 

 Hemisphere, the relation is reversed. 



This law was formulated in 1857 by the Dutch 

 meteorologist Buys Ballot and is a qualitative 

 statement of the GEOSTROPHIC WIND equation. (24) 



G 



CA . U. S. Navy designation for a Heavy Cruiser. 



CABLE . A nautical unit of horizontal distance, 

 equal to 600 feet (100 fathoms) and approximately 

 one-tenth of a nautical mile. See also WIRE ROPE. 

 (24) 



CABLE BUOY . 1. A buoy used to mark one end of a 

 cable being worked on. 



2. -A floating support of a submarine 

 cable. (17) 



CABLE LAID ROPE . See WIRE ROPE. 



CAG. U. S. Navy ship designation for a Guided 

 Missile Heavy Cruiser. 



CAKE ICE. See ICE CAKE. 



CALCAREOUS ALGAE . Marine plants which form a hard 

 external covering of calcium compounds. Calcareous 

 algae are found in all oceans and frequently form 

 reefs. (15) 



CALCOFI . California Cooperative Oceanic Fishery 

 Investigation. 



CALDRON. A small basin or deep of a generally cir- 

 cular or oval shape, constituting an irregularity 

 in the bottom of the ocean. (17) 



CALIFORNIA CURRENT . The ocean current flowing 

 southward along the west coast of the United States 

 from approximately Washington to northern Baja 

 California. It is the major branch of the ALEUTIAN 

 CURRENT. As a whole, the current represents a wide 

 body of water that moves sluggishly toward the 

 southeast. Off Central America, the California 

 current turns toward the west and becomes the NORTH 

 EQUATORIAL CURRENT. (24) 



CALIFORNIA FOG . Fog peculiar to the coast of Cali- 

 fornia and its coastal valleys. Off the coast, 

 winds displace warm surface water, causing colder 

 water to rise from beneath, resulting in the forma- 



19 



