side of extensive cloud areas created by light 

 reflected from ice-covered surfaces. (25) 



ICE CAKE . An individual piece of ice of any size, 

 particularly a relatively flat one. A collection 

 of ice cakes is called cake ice. (17) 



ICE CLEARING . See POLYNYA. 



ICE FOOT . A class of FAST ICE consisting of ice 

 formed along and attached to the shore. The base 

 of the ice is at or below low water mark. The 

 action of tide, waves, and sea spray causes the 

 development of the ice foot during the freezing 

 season. Differences in the causative factors are 

 reflected in the differences in the ice foot. 

 Types of ice foot formations are: TIDAL PLATFORM 

 ICE FOOT, STORM ICE FOOT, DRIFT ICE FOOT, STRANDED 

 ICE FOOT, FALSE ICE FOOT, AND WASH AND STRAIN ICE 

 FOOT. (25) 



ICE-FREE PORT . A port in which ice formations 

 sufficient to interfere with navigation in the 

 harbor or the terminals have not been recorded . 



ICE ISLAND . One of the many, large TABULAR ICE- 

 BERGS found in the Arctic Ocean. 



Nearly one hundred were identified in a few 

 years following discovery of the first one in 1946. 

 All have level, slightly undulating surfaces 10 to 

 25 feet above water, and appear to have calved from 

 an ICE SHELF such as that which fringes northern 

 Ellesmere Island. Ice islands are smaller than 

 the largest tabular icebergs of the Antarctic. The 

 area of the largest one known is about 300 square 

 miles; they are about 150 feet thick over all; and, 

 unlike the surrounding PACK ICE, they drift with 

 the ocean currents rather than with the wind. 



Their occupation by semipermanent research 

 stations has provided much new information on the 

 meteorology, oceanography, and other aspects of 

 the Arctic. (12) 



ICE ISLAND ICEBERG . A conical or dome-shaped 

 ICEBERG. Under various lighting conditions an 

 ice island iceberg will resemble an island in color 

 and shape. (25) 



ICE PACK . Any large area of FLOATING ICE driven 

 closely together. 



The entire area of ice in the polar seas and 

 the seas surrounding Antarctica. (25) 



ICE PERIOD (Season) . The time between first appear- 

 ance and final clearance of ice during any year. 



ICE POLE . The center around which is located the 

 more consolidated portion of the arctic ICE PACK. 

 The ice pole, or Pole of Inaccessibility as it is 

 sometimes called, lies in the vicinity of latitude 

 83 degrees to 84 degrees N. and longitude 160 de- 

 grees W. (25) 



ICEQUAKE . The crash or concussion attending the 

 breaking up of masses of ice, often due to contrac- 

 tion from extreme cold. (25) 



ICEREC . Aerial Ice Reconnaissance and Ice Advisory 

 Sciences . 



ICES 



International Council for the Exploration 



of the Sea. 



ICES was founded in Copenhagen July 1902 to 

 carry out a series of oceanographic research pro- 

 grams previously adopted at an international con- 

 ference held in Stockholm in 1899. 



Headquarters are near Copenhagen at Charlot- 

 tenlund Slot. 



Brief history: ICES is the oldest internation- 

 al oceanographic organization. 



Activities: Encourages marine research, 

 promotes cooperation between the member governments 

 and recommends regulations for fisheries management. 



The work of the Council is conducted by various 

 "subject" committees on salmon and trout, statis- 

 tics, plankton, hydrography; and "area" committees 

 on the Baltic Area, the Transition Area, the North- 

 eastern Area, Northwestern Area and the Southern 

 North Sea. One of the largest oceanographic librar- 

 ies in existence (15,000 volumes) is located at 

 ICES headquarters . 



Annual scientific conferences are held. The 

 Council collects and collates fisheries statistics 

 and hydrographic information and publishes the 

 results of investigations. Publications include 

 the Bulletin Hydrographique, Annales Biologiques, 

 the Bulletin Statistique, Plankton Identification 

 Sheets and the Journal du Council (3 issues per 

 year). Sponsors production of standard C-'-^ for 

 marine productivity measurements. 



ICE SHEET . See SHEET ICE. 



ICE SHELF (SHELF ICE) . A thick ice formation with 

 a fairly level surface, formed along a polar coast 

 and in shallow bays and inlets, where it is fastened 

 to the shore and often reaches bottom. It may grow 

 hundreds of miles out to sea. It is usually an 

 extension of land ice, and the seaward edge floats 

 freely in deep water. The calving of an ice shelf 

 forms TABULAR ICEBERGS and ICE ISLANDS. (12) 



ICE TONGUE . A narrow peninsula of ice such as a 

 glacier or a steep narrow cliff of ice rising high 

 above glacial neve. An extension of a glacier into 

 the sea is called a GLACIER TONGUE, and if the end 

 is afloat it is called an ICE TONGUE AFLOAT. (17) 



ICE TONGUE AFLOAT . A floating extension of a 

 glacier into the sea. See also ICE TONGUE. (17) 



ICITA. International Co-operative Investigation of 

 the Tropical Atlantic. 



ICNAF . 



International Commission for the North 



American Fisheries. 



ICNOBF . International Committee on the Nomencla- 

 ture of Ocean Bottom Features. 



ICO. Interagency Committee on Oceanography. 



ICRD . Interior Committee on Research and Develop- 

 ment. 



ICSEMS . International Commission for the Scienti- 

 fic Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea. 



ICSU. International Council of Scientific Unions. 



IDA. 



1. International Development Association. 



2. Institute Defense Analysis. 



IDEAL SEA LEVEL . A sea surface which is everywhere 

 normal to the plumb line. In the open ocean the 

 deviations from the ideal sea level rarely exceed 

 1 or 2 meters. (13) 



IDEAL TRANSDUCER . Any transducer connecting an 

 energy source with an energy load for which the 

 transition and dissipation losses are zero is said 

 to be an ideal transducer. (4) 



ID PC . International Data Processing Conference. 



IEEE . Institute of Electrical and Electronics 

 Engineers (formerly AIEE and IRE) . 



lES . International Exchange Service. 



IFF . Abbreviation meaning identification friend 

 or foe. 



IF IP . International Federation for Information 

 Processing. 



IFM. Institut fur Meereskunde. 



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