the high waters of the spring tides Is called spring 

 high water or high water springs and the average 

 height of the corresponding low waters Is called 

 spring low water or low water springs. (14) 



SPUR . A subordinate RIDGE or RISE projecting out- 

 ward from a larger feature of elevation. (26) 



SQUALL ■ A wind of considerable intensity caused 

 by atmospheric instability. It comes up and dies 

 down quickly, and is often accompanied by thunder, 

 lightning, and precipitation, when it may be called 

 a thundersquall. An arched squall is one relative- 

 ly high in the center, tapering off on both sides. 

 A bull's eye squall Is one formed in fair weather, 

 characteristic of the ocean off the coast of South 

 Africa. A squall occurring along a front, usually 

 one of a series of severe squalls and thunderstorms 

 extending for a considerable distance, is called 

 a line squall. A front along which this takes place 

 is sometimes called squall line. (17) 



SQUALL LINE . See SQUALL. 



SQUEEZE . Squeeze In diving is due to the effect of 

 increasing external pressure upon the ears and 

 sinuses, the FACE PIATE or the swim suit uncompen- 

 sated by an equal increase in pressure from within. 

 The incidence of squeeze is low. It is recognized 

 by beginning pain in the ears and sinus areas, or 

 by a feeling of tightness within the face covering, 

 usually wi^thln the first few feet of descent. This 

 pressure differential decreases with increased 

 depth. Face squeeze can easily be prevented by ex- 

 haling Into the face plate. Equalization of the 

 Internal ear pressure can be accomplished in several 

 ways. The most effective method is to close the 

 nose and mouth and force air into the back of the 

 throat. Deliberate yawning may help if mouth piece 

 is not being used. Preliminary Inflation of the 

 ears just before entering the water is very helpful 

 and should be practiced routinely. The swimmer 

 with an acute head cold or throat infection should 

 not enter the water. If pain does occur at any 

 depth the swinuner should ascend a few feet before 

 again trying to readjust the internal pressure. 



Serious consequences of squeeze are unlikely. 

 Nosebleed, hemorrhage in the conjunctiva, sinuses 

 or middle ear, and ruptured eardrums can occur if 

 the symptoms are Ignored. (37) 



SS . U. S. Navy designation for a Submarine. 



SSB . U. S. Navy designation for a Fleet Ballistic 

 Missile Submarine. 



SSG . U. S. Navy designation for a Guided Missile 

 Submarine . 



SSK . U. S. Navy designation for a Killer Submarine. 



SS LORAN . Sky-wave synchronized loran, or loran in 

 which the sky wave rather than the ground wave from 

 the master controls the slave. SS loran is used 

 with unusually long base lines. (17) 



SSG. 



U. S. Navy ship designation for an Oiler. 



SSR. U. S. Navy designation for a Radar Picket 

 Submarine . 



SST . 1. U. S. Navy designation for a Target Sub- 

 marine . 



2. Sea surface temperature. 



STABILITY . The resistance to overturn or mixing 

 of the water column, resulting from the presence 

 of a density gradient. 



STANDARD DEPTH . A depth below the sea surface 

 at which water properties should be measured and 

 reported, either directly or by interpolation, 

 according to the proposal by the International 

 Association of Physical Oceanography in 1936; 

 analogous to the mandatory levels of meteorologi- 

 cal upper-air observations. (12) 



STANDARD MERIDIAN PLANE . See LONGITUDE. 



STANDING WAVE . A type of wave in which the surface 

 of the water oscillates vertically between fixed 

 points, called nodes, without progression. The 

 points of maximum vertical rise and fall are called 

 antinodes or loops. At the nodes, the underlying 

 water particles exhibit no vertical motion but maxi- 

 mum horizontal motion. At the antinodes the under- 

 lying water particles have no horizontal motion and 

 maximum vertical motion. They may be the result 

 of two equal progressive wave trains travelling 

 through each other in opposite directions. Some- 

 times called STATIONARY WAVE. (11) 



STAND OF TIDE . An interval at high or low water 

 when there is no sensible change in the height of 

 the tide. The water level is stationary at high 

 and low water for only an instant but the change 

 In level near these times is so slow that it is 

 not usually perceptible. In general the duration 

 of the apparent stand will depend upon the range 

 of tide, being longer for a small range than for 

 a large range, but where there is a tendency for 

 a double tide the stand may last for several hours 

 even with a large range of tide. (14) 



STARBOARD . The right side of a craft, facing for- 

 The opposite is PORT. (17) 



ward. 



STAR (SHIP TENDED ACOUSTIC RELAY) . An acoustic 

 navigation system employing ocean bottom TRANS- 

 PONDERS. In Star, the principle of operation 

 involves a pulsed signal which is transmitted from 

 an acoustic transducer towed from or mounted below 

 the hull of the ship. This signal is received, 

 filtered and amplified by suitable circuits at the 

 transponder; it then triggers a pulsed acoustic 

 reply at a different frequency or frequencies. The 

 reply is received and recorded on board the atten- 

 dant ship, and the time interval between trans- 

 mission and reception is measured. Time is con- 

 verted to range with an accuracy limited only by 

 the accuracy of the average sound velocity between 

 surface and bottom used in the calculation. The 

 system is the same for the MARS (Mobile Atlantic 

 Range Station) . (35) 



STAR TRANSPONDER 



STAMUKHA (pi. STAMUKHAS) . 

 stranded on a shoal. 



A fragment of ice 



113 



