Bottom 



Topography and 

 Sediment 

 Structure 



Deep-Sea Multi 

 Shot Camera 

 (Type III, Navy 

 Electronics 

 Laboratory) 



Depth: Greater than 20.000 feet 



Number of photographs per 



operation: approximately 55 



Mechanical Bottom 

 Signalling Device 

 ■■The Ball Breaker" 



Depth: Unlimited 



Substrata Acoustic 

 Probe (Marine 

 Sonoprobe) 



Depth: 700 feet 



Sediment penetration: 200 feet 



Precision Depth 

 Recorder (Times 

 Facsimile Corp.) 

 andAN/UQN(Edo) 



Depth: Up to 18,000 feet 

 Sediment penetration: 120 feet 

 (extreme maximum) 



Fathometer — Echo 

 Sounder (Model 

 255B-EDO Corp.) 



Depth: 2.5 to 1.500 feet/Ac- 

 curacy: ± 1 to 6 feet depend- 

 ing on depth scale in use 



Sediment penetration: undeter- 

 mined 



Corers: 

 Gravity Type 



Phleger 



Depth: Unlimited — determined 



by length of lowering cable 

 Sediment penetration: 4 feet 



Piston Type 



Kullenburg 



Ewing 



Depth: Unlimited 



Sediment penetration: 6 to 12 



feet 

 Depth: Unlimited 

 Sediment penetration: 20 to 60 



feet 



Grab Samplers 



Clamshell 

 Snapper 



Depth: Unlimited 



Sediment penetration: Surface 



Mud Sampler Same as above 



Most now restricted in perform- 

 ance. More precision required. 

 Longer cores are required. 



Future designs ideally would provide: high power 

 transducers, broad-band energy sources, high repe- 

 tition rates, short pulse length tor thin-bed resolu- 

 tion, a cored sediment more representative of in 

 situ conditions, improved release mechanisms, 

 deeper sediment penetration, non-distortion of sed- 

 iment sample, adequate sediment samples for com- 

 prehensive laboratory analysis, optimum physical 

 dimensions of piston corers. and portable ship- 

 board analysis kits. 



Marine Biology 



Meter or Half- 

 Meter Plankton 

 Samplers 



Towing speeds: 

 than 2 knots 



Not greater 



Clarke-Bumpus 

 Plankton Sampler 

 (Woods Hole 

 Oceanographic 

 Institution) 



Same as above 



Midwater Trawl 



Same as above 



Hi-Speed Sampler Towing speeds: 8 to 12 knots 

 (Scripps Institution 

 of Oceanography) 



Hardy Continuous Towing speeds: 15 knots 

 Plankton Recorder 

 (British, used by 

 Woods Hole Ocean- 

 ographic Institution) 



Convex-Concave 

 Fouling Plates 



Plates in the environment from 

 1 month to 2 years 



Biological instrumentation is primarily mechanical. 

 Basic problem is the collection of specimens from 

 all depths. Specimens here, however, mean living 

 material varying in size from the ultramicroscopic 

 to whales. Most devices then must be highly 

 specialized and capable of collecting specimens 

 horizontally and vertically, capturing the more 

 active swimmers, securing undamaged specimens, 

 recording exactly the amount of water sampled and 

 depth, sampling over long distances, and sampling 

 several depths simultaneously. 



(Reprinted from Proceedings by permission; 

 Copyright 1964 by U.S. Naval Institute.) 



157 



