layers go anaerobic in mid-summer. I have 
measured the profiles of po, and pCO, (Figure 6). 
The surface waters support Z large teat popula- 
tion due to the supply of nutrients from the 
sewage. This results in a diurnal variation in 
both gases due to photosynthesis during the day 
and respiration at night. The variation is many- 
fold greater than in the unfertilized ocean 
immediately outside. 
Continuous-track measurements of surface water 
pCO, have recently been made between Woods Hole 
and the equator. This showed interesting latitude 
variations in the tropics. The changes occur at 
points where we have some evidence that there are 
major east-west currents. I feel that such pCO 
variations are due to different amounts of owerle 
ing of the high co, intermediate water. 
In local waters along this coast there are 
variations in pCO, during the year. The spring 
plankton bloom isa time of rapid photosynthesis. 
This removal of CO, may drop the pCO, to below 
200 ppm. In the middle of the summer much of the 
spring growth is decaying and the partial pressure 
may then be as high as 550 ppm. 
CO, is better than 0, as an index of recent 
biological change because it exchanges with the 
atmosphere some 15 times slower. In the spring 
and summer, weather conditions tend to be gentle 
and the gas exchange across the sea surface is 
slow. pCO, can then be used to tell the time- 
integrated amount of photosynthesis and respira- 
tion. Storms during the winter tend to more 
quickly bring the oceans and the atmosphere back 
into equilibrium whenever biological events change 
the amount of co, in the water. 
SUMMARY 
These techniques of 0, and CO, recording 
represent my answers to problems that arose in 
my own research. It has been necessary for me to 
develop them because there has been no one else 
to fill the need. There may be more suitable 
means when real engineering skill is applied. 
However, I feel that most useful new instruments 
result from a current research need. 
REFERENCES 
1. Bolin, B., and Eriksson, E., 1959. Rossby 
Memorial Volume (Rockefeller Institute Press, 
New York), pp. 130-142. 
2. Carritt, Dayton E. and Kanwisher, John W. 
1959. Analytical Chem. 31: 5-9. 
3. Kanwisher, John, 1960. Tellus XII(2): 209- 
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