Gugorskiy Shar, Matochkin Shar, Mys Zhelaniya, Ostrov Bleyy and Marresale (Mare-Sale) — 

 recorded a complete absence of cloudiness and a good visibility, which we could confirm. How- 

 ever, at the same time, fog was hanging over the central portion of the Kara Sea, extending to the 

 boundary of ice and compelling us to fly at a height of 50 to 100 m over the ice in order to be able to 

 see it. 



If the most intense condensation in the arctic seas is observed when winds are blowing from 

 large ice-free sections of the sea, the most intense evaporation is observed when winds are coming 

 from icy areas. The cold, and therefore almost moistless, air masses travelling over the open 

 sea, are warmed and consequently soak up moisture. 



LITERATURE: 62, 77, 176 



Section 18. Convection 



If the temperature of the underlying surface is higher than the temperature of the air, the air 

 particles continually heated at this surface rise and are replaced by colder particles; thus, con- 

 vection is created which causes cooling of the sea. 



Kuzmin derived the theoretical formula* defining the heat loss by the sea due to convection 

 in the air on the condition that the sea temperature is higher than the air temperature . If the air 

 temperature and wind speed are measured at a height of 6 m above the sea level, the formula has, 

 for average conditions, the following form: 



5(tw — ta)w , / o 



Wi = ■ q.s + o.I hT S cal/cm2 per day 



In this formula 



w = wind speed in m/sec, 



tw = water temperature, 



to = air temperature. 



In nature, convection in its pure form is observed only under unusual conditions. Usually 

 the phenomenon is closely linked with evaporation, because the heating of the air always means an 

 increase in the moisture deficit. This phenomenon is intensified by the above mentioned fact that 

 the density of water vapor at 0° equals 0,6 of the density of the air. 



LITERATURE: 92. 



Section 19. Effect of the Sea on tfie Air Temperature 



As was observed during the Challenger expedition, the difference between the air and water 

 temperatures (at the height of ship's bridge) can reach a considerable magnitude only near the 

 coast or near ice. In the open sea the difference, however, fluctuates within the limits of +2°, 



*The derivation and form of the Kuzmin formula is reminiscent of the Sverdrup formula de- 

 fining the speed of evaporation. It contains the difference between the air and water temperatures. 

 This difference may reach a considerable value only near the coast or ice; in open sea it is, how- 

 ever, very small. 



38 



