TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 



Page 



80. External Friction 200 



81. Fatigue 202 



CHAPTER VI ICE ACCRETION 203 



82. The Centers of Freezing ' . 203 



83. Ice Thickness as a Function of Air Temperature 204 



84. Ice Accretion as a Function of the Vertical Distribution of Temperature 



and Salinity Beneath the Ice 214 



85. Effect of a Snow Cover on the Rate of Ice Accretion 220 



86. Ice Accretion in the Region of Ice Removal 223 



87. Maximum Thickness of Perennial Ice 225 



88. Temperature of Sea Ice 232 



89. The Lag of the Temperature Minimum in the Lower Levels of Sea Ice .... 236 



90. Ice Accretion Due to Low Ice Temperatures 238 



CHAPTER Vn DEFORMATION OF ICE 241 



91. The Deformation of an Ice Cover 241 



92. Thermal Fissures 242 



93. Wind Pressure on Ice Fields 245 



94. Break-up of Ice Fields 247 



95. Rotation of Ice and Its Break-up 249 



96. Break-up of Fast Ice 253 



97. Theoretical Concept of Ice Heaping 254 



98. The Aspects of Ice Jamming 260 



99. Littoral Ice Hummocks 264 



100. Stamukhi 267 



101. Hummock Structure 268 



102. Snow Cover on Ice 274 



103. Isostatic Phenomena 276 



104. Average Ice Thickness ", 282 



105. Decrease in the Area of Ice with Hummocking 285 



106. The Increase in the Power of the Ice Cover as a Result of Drift and 



Ice Hummocking 289 



107 . The Influence of Hummocking of Ice 293 



CHAPTER VIE MELTING OF SEA ICE 295 



108. Phases of Weakening and Destruction of Sea Ice 295 



109. Initial Phase of Weakening of Ice 298 



110. Snow Puddles and Lakes on Top of Ice . 300 



111. Circulation of Water Caused by Ice 303 



112. Second Phase of Weakening of Ice 304 



113. Influence of Micro-Organlsms and Inorganic Inclusions on Destruction 



of Sea Ice 305 



114. Breaking of Ice During Melting 308 



115. Radiation and Thermal Effect of Air on the Ice ". 311 



116. Melting of Ice from the Top 314 



117. Melting of Ice Due to Thermal Action of Water 316 



118. Centers of Break-up and Melting 319 



