TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 



Page 



CHAPTER IV ICE FORMATION AND ICE TYPES IN THE SEA 89 



36. The Concept of Ice Formation 89 



37. Ice Formation in Fresh Waters 90 



38. Peculiarities of Ice Formation in the Sea 93 



39. Ice Formation at Positive Air Temperatures 94 



40. The Basic Varieties of Ice in the Sea 95 



41. Initial Forms of Surface Ice 96 



42. Deep Ice 100 



43. Ice Under Ice 103 



44. Bottom Ice 105 



45. The Classification of Ice According to Origin 106 



46. Classification of Ice According to Size and Form 108 



47. Fast Ice 112 



48. Floating Ice 115 



49. Pack Ice 118 



50. Glacier Ice 120 



51. Icebergs 124 



52. Icebergs in the Soviet Arctic Seas 131 



53. Icecap Islands 133 



54. Fossil Ice 136 



CHAPTER V PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEA ICE 139 



55. Salinity 139 



56. Surface Brine and Salt Cell Brine 141 



57 . The Amount of Brine in Sea Ice 143 



58. Brine Migration 145 



59. Composition of the Salts 148 



60. Specific Heat , 150 



61. Heat Expended in Melting 153 



62. The Coexistence of Water and Ice 154 



63. Thermal Expansion 158 



64. Thermal Conductivity 160 



65. Density as a Function of Temperature and Salinity 162 



66. Density as a Function of Porosity 165 



67. Buoyancy 169 



68 . Density of Snow 173 



69. Radiation Properties 175 



70. Illumination of the Sea Under the Ice 177- 



71. Color 180 



72. Hardness 181 



73. The Liquid State 182 



74. Mechanical Properties 183 



75. Elastic Properties 185 



76. The Influence of Temperature and Continuous Pressure 186 



77. The Plastic Limit 188 



78. The Effect of Thickness, Temperature and Salinity on Flexural Strength . . . 191 



79. Flexure of Ice Under Load 193 



111 



