TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 



AUTHOR'S PREFACE 1 



INTRODUCTION 3 



CHAPTER I SOME PROPERTIES OF SEA WATER 7 



1. The Concept of Water Structure 7 



2. The Composition of Sea Water 8 



3. Salinity 9 



4. Specific Gravity, Density and Specific Volume 10 



5. The Temperature of Maximum Density and the Freezing Point 12 



6. Increase in Density During Mixing 14 



7. The Properties of Sea Water of High Salinity 16 



8. Thermal Capacity, Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization 18 



9. Vapor Pressure 18 



10. Reflection and Refraction of Solar Energy 19 



11. Absorption and Scattering of Solar Energy 20 



CHAPTER II CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY OF THE OCEAN 23 



12. The Processes that Change Temperature and Salinity of the Ocean 23 



13. Solar Radiation 25 



14. Reradiation 31 



15. Evaporation and Condensation 32 



16. Evaporation of Snow 34 



17. The Effect of Evaporation and Condensation on Sea Temperature 35 



18. Convection 38 



19. Effect of the Sea on the Air Temperature 38 



20. The Effect of Atmosphere on Sea Temperature 42 



21. The Effect of Ice on the Atmosphere 45 



22. The Cooling of the Sea 48 



23. Precipitation 51 



24. Coastal Precipitation 52 



25. A Concept on the Heat Balance 55 



26. The Concept of the Water Balance 60 



CHAPTER m THE MIXING OF OCEAN WATERS 65 



27. The Concept of Mixing 65 



28. Frictional Mixing ' 67 



29. Convective Mixing ' 70 



30. Vertical Winter Circulation 73 



31. The Index of Freezing 78 



32. Features of Vertical Winter Circulation in the Shallows 79 



33. The Cold Intermediate Layer 80 



34. The Discontinuity Layer 83 



35. The Distance Transfer of Temperature Anomalies of the Ocean 84 



