10. The river influx affects the system of sea currents in the adjacent areas and because of 

 this, the movement and distribution of sea ice. 



LITERATURE: 6, 7, 62, 77, 98. 



Section 25. A Concept on the Heat Balance 



For simplicity, let us dispense with the effect of continental runoff, which is felt mainly In 

 the coastal belt, and the effect of precipitation. 



In such a case, the variation of sea temperature in oceanological coordinates will be caused 

 by the cumulative radiation by effective back radiation of the water-air system by convection, con- 

 densation and evaporation. The intention in singling out these processes for elucidation of the sig- 

 nificance of each aspect individually is natural. But the conditions existing in nature are diverse, 

 the observational methods are very incomplete and the observations in open sections of the ocean 

 are altogether inadequate. 



It is known that the wind is one of the main elements determining the regimen of the sea. It 

 is, for instance, assumed that the rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the speed of wind. 

 Besides, it is known that along the coast the direction and velocity of wind may differ greatly from 

 the observed values in the sea.* 



Thus, for instance, on the coast of the Chuckchee Sea, the wind roses have an elliptical form 

 with the longer axis stretched along the coastline, which is explained by the coastal contours. 

 Local breezes are constantly observed along the coast; breezes are induced by irregular heating 

 and cooling of land and sea when nights alternate with days, whereas local monsoons are induced by 

 Irregular heating and cooling of land and sea in summer and winter. 



Hence, it is natural that the most correct way of studying the problems that are associated 

 with heat exchange between the sea and atmosphere is, in the first place, to examine the observa- 

 tional data, even if their scope is limited, which pertain to the open sea, and to resort to synoptic 

 charts; whereas the observations made at coastal stations on wind, temperature, moisture, solar 

 radiation, etc, need be considered only as supplementary data. 



It seems to me that the greatest Influence on the ice regime of the Soviet Arctic is exercised 

 by the temperature and moisture of the air, on the one hand, and by the direction and velocity of 

 wind, on the other. The temperature and moisture of the air characterizes the content of heat and 

 cold in the air. If the air is warmer than the sea, its heating effect is determined by the heat of 

 condensation; If the air is colder than the sea, its cooling effect is determined by the heat of evap- 

 oration. The role of wind speed is manifest In the Involvement of heat exchange between large air 

 masses. This is of special significance at relatively warm winds when the lower air strata, cooled 

 by sea surface, protect the sea from further heating. At strong winds, this layer is eliminated, 

 and the level of the temperature inversion rises. At colder air the importance of wind sf)eed de- 

 creases, because convection is decisive In this case. 



The wind direction is of interest because it determines the area from which the air masses 

 are coming, and thus determines to a degree the air temperature and moisture. 



*Exempl i gratia, the Novaya Zembya bosa blowing with exceptional force along the coast 

 of the island is well known, but it is entirely unnoticeable at a distance of a few kilometers from the 

 coast. 



55 



