Vi = volume of ice brought into the basin, 

 ^2 = volume of ice brought out of the basin; 



where S ■ = salinity of ice (assuming that the salinity of incoming and outgoing ice is the same). 



It is evident that if we assume that the salinity of ice equals 0, the ice balance formula will 

 not change, but in the water balance formula the ice may be included in the pure water balance. 



It need be pointed out that the above formulae of water balance can be utilized for the solution 

 of many problems of oceanology; for the heat balance, for instance. As typical examples, we can 

 mention the following calculations (by Somov) of heat quantity brought by the Atlantic water into the 

 heat balance of the Kara Sea. 



Neglecting the amount of ice brought from the Arctic Basin into the Kara Sea, Somov derived 

 from balance formulae the following equation. 



^^ = sT^sl • (1°) 



Assuming that the approximate values of components in the formula are as listed below: 



F = 1,300 km /year (which corresponds, as we saw, to the annual Bering Sea influx, ne- 

 glecting precipitation and evaporation in the first approximation because of their insignificant 

 values), V2 — the volume of ice taken out of the Kara Sea (for the sake of orientation, Somov 

 assumes that 1/80 km^ of ice is brought out of the Kara Sea annually, which is equivalent to 430 

 km"^ of water if the density of ice is 0.9), 



S2 = 32 0/00 — the mean salinity of the Kara Sea, 



S.= 5 0/00 — the mean salinity of ice, 



Si = 35 0/00 — the mean salinity of Atlantic water, 



and introducing these magnitudes into the main formula, Somov finds that for the preservation of 

 the mean salinity of the Kara Sea an influx of 10, 000 km"' /year of Atlantic water is needed. 



Assuming further that the mean temperature of the Atlantic water that is discharged into the 

 Kara Sea across the 80th latitude equals 1.5°, and that during winter these waters are cooled to 

 -1.5°, the annual heat influx by Atlantic waters will equal 



Q = 3 • 10 000 • 1012 = 3 • iQi^ kg-cal 



Ultimately, all of the heat brought in by Atlantic waters is given off to the atmosphere. 



n 



The area of the Kara Sea south of the 80th latitude equals 750, 000 km . Hence, it follows 

 that the sea annually gives off to the atmosphere 



q = 4 kg-cal/cm^ 



of heat which is brought in by Atlantic waters . 



63 



