Figure 33. Young ice. 



During winter, under calm conditions, young ice is gradually covered with snow and increases 

 in thickness due to freezing from the bottom; in the arctic it reaches a thickness of 1 to 2 m in May. 



An undisturbed growth of ice during the entire winter is possible mainly in sheltered bays, in 

 fast-ice areas, and between large, thick ice formations. In the majority of cases, the ice is fre- 

 quently broken, fragmented, and heaped from the very beginning of its existence. 



LITERATURE: 23, 62, 77. 



Section 42. Deep Ice 



It has already been pointed out that with low air temperatures and strong mixing and, particu- 

 larly, when there is no ice cover, ice forms, not on the surface of the water but at a certain depth. 



Later, these ice formations, due to their small size and slight difference in density from 

 water (the Archimedes forces exceed friction forces only slightly), can remain in a suspended state 

 a long time until, increasing in size or freezing together with other particles of the same kind, they 

 float up to the surface of the sea and fuse with surface ice. 



This phenomenon is not accidental. On the contrary, many consider that during the process 

 of ice formation, the entire layer of water included in vertical winter circulation is filled with the 

 tiniest particles of deep ice. New particles of deep ice constantly arise replacing such particles 

 which rise up the lower surface of the ice cover. 



100 



