r 



o 





Figure 53. Scheme of brine distribution in sea ice according to 

 Bruns. 



_3 

 of sea water brine at temperatures of -5° to 10° was on the order of 10 reciprocal ohms. If the 



brine is enclosed in isolated cells surrounded on all sides by pure ice, the electrical conductivity of 

 sea ice should be on the same order as that of pure ice; but if the brine is found in connecting capil- 

 laries, the electrical conductivity should approach the electrical conductivity of brine. The electri- 

 cal conductivity of a series of sea ice samples, measured by Bruns, proved to be on the order of 

 10"^ to 10" reciprocal ohms. Furthermore, the behavior of the temperature coefficient of electri- 

 cal conductivity is satisfactorily explained by the hypothesis that the salts in sea ice participate in 

 conductivity. According to Bruns, this shows that brine saturates like a sponge or a log. 



In all probability, sea ice has both separate isolated cells containing brine and interconnected 

 capillaries filled with brine. During the winter when the temperature of the ice falls, the first pre- 

 dominates, but in the summer, when the temperature of ice rises, the second predominates. Evi- 

 dently, brine is distributed very unequally in ice. 



During a winter spent at Cape Zhelaniia, Deriugin conducted many hundreds of salinity deter- 

 minations of the ice layers which had grown under calm conditions (fast ice) and which had not under- 

 gone any movement or rafting during the course of the winter. As Deriugin and Bruns indicate, the 

 salinity of a single level of sea ice was not constant during these tests but fluctuated within the 

 limits of 10 o/oo (samples consisted of 300 to 500 cubic cm). 



LITERATURE: 61, 62, 77, 177. 



Section 57. The Amount of Brine in Sea Ice 



In order to judge what amount of brine can be found in sea ice of a given salinity, let us re- 

 member that according to Ringer's and Hansen's experiments, there is a specific freezing temper- 

 ature which corresponds to each salinity (7 , table 5) . 



Table 33 which shows the salinity of sea water brine S^ at temperature r , and the change of 



this salinity -r— i- during a change in temperature, was computed by me by the same method used in 

 composing the cited table. 



It follows from this table that at a temperature of -12°, for example, the salinity of the brine 

 in the sea ice cells should be 165 o/oo. If the salinity is less, the ice will separate out of the brine, 

 and if it is greater, the walls of the cells will melt somewhat and thus the concentration of the brine 

 will decrease. 



143 



