The first member of the right part of formula (6) represents the volume of water displaced by 

 id at the corn 

 trated at one point. 



the load at the corner sectors and is equal to the volume displaced by a certain load p , concen- 



The second member is the displaced volume of water located opposite the sides of the load. 

 It is the product of the vertical area included between the deflection curve and the starting level 

 times the perimeter of the load. 



The third member represents the displaced volume of water, located under the area of the 

 load itself. But according to formula (5) 



2„ = 



2k 

 Substituting in formula (6) we obtain 



1+ — + -^ 

 27C 2n: 



(7) 



Assuming approximately that /c = 0. 1 reciprocal meters, we obtained 



P = P^ (1 +0.02r + 0.002g), (8) 



where the loads are expressed in tons, and lengths in meters. 



Considering the empirical relationship between the weight of the concentrated load, the thick- 

 ness, the temperature, and the salinity of the ice, I obtained the following formula which had been 

 tested in practice: 



p^-tlllii ! (l+0.02r+0,002?), 



100 10 (1+0.1 SiY (9) 



where h is the thickness of the ice in cm, r^ is the temperature of the ice, and S^ is the salinity 

 of the ice. 



LITERATURE: 17, 76, 77. 



Section 80. External Friction 



The external friction of ice is of considerable practical interest. Arnold- Aliabev, investi- 

 gating the external friction of steel against ice of various origins, sub-divided friction in the fol- 

 lowing manner: 



Type of Friction Nature of Friction 



1. The friction of rest (static) 3. Dry friction 



2. The friction of motion (kinetic) 4. Moist friction 



5 . Self- lubricated friction 

 In his experiments, Arnold-Aliabev dragged chunks of ice across steel and considered that 



200 



