AIR 

 TEMPERATURE 



W.IV 



-ir 



20.IV 

 -9° 



22.IV 

 -7° 



22 V 

 -3° 



5. VI 

 ^2" 



ICE 

 TEMPERATURE 



(7. VI) 8. VI 



WATER 

 ON ICE 



-zr-ZO' -18" -15" -1^' -IZ" -W -8' -6" -^- -Z" -tZ" 



Figure 81. Ice temperatures at Cape Schmidt. 



Figure 81 shows the air temperature and vertical temperature distribution in ice observed 

 from 10 April to 8 June 1937, in the region of Cape Schmidt and the Chuckchee Sea (according to 

 Georgievskii) . Like Malmgren's observations, this figure shows how slowly the minimum tem- 

 perature is established in the d*ep layers and it shows the characteristic summer temperature 

 minimum in the middle of the ice . This phenomenon is well known to polar navigators , who have 

 found through experience that the upper part of the ice is the hardest during ice formation but that 

 the middle part is hardest during the melting period. 



Interesting observations of the brief but sharp air temperature changes on the heat regime of 

 the ice with a 30 cm snow cover were conducted in Dickson Bay (Bukhta Dikson) by Savel'ev. From 

 2 to 18 February 1944, the air temperature changed from -16° to -38° to -6°, the surface tem- 

 perature of the snow changed from -16° to -40° to -7°, the surface temperature of the ice froni^ 

 -8° to -19° to -10°, and the temperature at the 80 cm level from -1.4° to -7° to -5 ° . Minimum 

 temperatures lagged at the lower levels, and with the beginning of warming appeared in the middle 

 levels of the ice. 



Malmgren made another deduction from his observations of ice temperatures . Figure 82 

 shows the vertical distribution of the mean annual ice temperatures . 



ICE TEMPERATURE 

 .40 -8' -12' 



0.00 



a. 



lU 



a 



16" 



2.00 



3.00 



Figure 82. The mean annual temperature of sea ice in the 

 Arctic Basin, according to Malmgren. 



235 



