along it. If the ice blocks can move freely, the ice blocks at the rate relative to the ice drift will 

 rotate clockwise in connection with the friction of ice blocks against the shore, with a smaller ve- 

 locity of current at the shore, and with other conditions . In 1933-34, the drift of the Cheliuskin 

 began on 21 September 1933, at Cape Vankri in the Chuckchee Sea (figure 158). At this time, the 

 ship was surrounded by solid ice hummocks . 



Figure 88 . Rotation plan of ice with drift along a rectilinear shore . 



At first, the ship drifted with the southwest wind along the shoreline to the southeast. With 

 the same wind force, the heaping of young ice between old ice gradually increased. The drift was 

 simultaneously slowed down. According to Gakkel and Khmyznikov, these phenomena were caused 

 by the contact made by the ice drifting around projecting Cape Onman. At least, after passing this 

 cape, the drift accelerated. 



Gradually, the ice belt with which the Chel iushin drifted was pressed toward the shore, and 

 on 23 September, when the ship was 7.3 miles east-southeast of the island Koliuchin, the drift of 

 the ship discontinued . One mile north of the ship , the ice continued to drift southeast . A sharp 

 rectilinear edge was formed at the junction of the immobile and drifting ice. Between its polished 

 vertical walls , there was a narrow (about a meter) strip of rubbed ice . After about 12 days , the 

 ice field with the Chel iuskin, having been shifted by the wind, broke off from the fast ice and re- 

 sumed its course to the southeast. 



On 28 and 29 October 1933, vfhen the Che Husk in was at Cape Serdtse-Kameni, the course of 

 the belt was changed 165 ° in a clockwise direction for two days . This was the most powerful (angu- 

 lar velocity reached 10° per hour) rotation of the ice for the entire drift period. Gakkel and 

 Khmyznikov note that this rotation was not caused by the wind, since the winds were steady and 

 from a southwest direction, but by the resistance given the ice drift by Cape lukagir. 



The rotation was caused by other factors , which were also analyzed by Gakkel and 

 Khmyznikov. These depended on the distance of the Cheliuskin from shore. 



From the morning of 5 November to the morning of 6 November 1933, the rotation of the ice 

 field of the Chel iuskin was clockwise, with a steady six-point east wind, which could be explained 

 by influence of the fast shore ice. The wind direction began to change in a clockwise direction. In 

 connection with this, the ice field began to turn counterclockwise; i.e. , in the converse direction. 



250 



