pancake ice will be located along every old ice block, which is in turn girdled by a strip of the first 

 slush. When new ice formations spreading from two neighboring ice blocks join, both ice blocks 

 appear united by a solid ice covering whose thickness will be maximum in the immediate neighbor- 

 hood of the old ice and minimum approximately in the middle of them. 



In the course of the winter, these or some breaking intensifications appear sufficient to 

 facture the solid ice cover; it is natural that this breakup will go along the lines of the least resist- 

 ance, which appear as stated, equidistant from the old ice beams frozen in the young ice. With 

 subsequent collisions of broken up ice fields, ice jams are created along the line of the rupture, but 

 if the broken-away parts, on breakup, r«main at rest for some time, ice formation will begin again 

 between them as described above . 



In the end along the lines of breakup, a characteristic step is formed. According to the ob- 

 servations of the Zarya, steps are very often encountered among old ice, steps which comprise 

 two or even three systems of fissures. 



LITERATURE: 11, 38, 41, 42, 62, 77, 88, 107, 133, 134, 164, 171. 



Section 99. Littoral Ice Hummocks 



Ice heaping reaches its greatest dimensions or on immobile ice, especially if there is suf- 

 ficient clear water between the attaching ice and the shore, so that the ice gains a suitable start. 



Morozov cites the following case characteristic of the White Sea. 



In December 1915, somewhat north of the Ponoi River, two ships were pushed against 8 m of 

 fast ice in a storm. With further pressure, the ice was piled up 2 to 4 m higher than the windward 

 side of the ship and was packed under the ships to the bottom (of the sea bottom) having formed 

 after freezing a floating ice-heaped mass with a thickness of 14 m. The ships were raised 1 m 

 during this pressure. 



Thereupon, aU this ice-heaped field was broken from the shore and was carried along the sea 

 together with the ships which were not able to be freed; finally, the ships' company had to be trans- 

 ferred to a third ship. 



In this same year, on 30 November, a steamship of the icebreaker type Iceland on the way 

 to Sorokab, 24 miles west from the Soroka settlement, was held by the ice during a south-southeast 

 wind with a force of 6. Ice hummocks were formed on the port side up to the deck and the ice 

 packed under the ship which was completely in ice. To let the ship down on the water a canal had 

 to be dynamited in the ice along which the ship sneaked, and sideways at that. 



Ostrovskii cites the following case in the White Sea. 



It was early in the morning of 5 January 1888, when ice was pushed up on the village 

 Kaschkaranets which was located on the Kola Peninsula. The low shore did not present an obstacle 

 until at eight in the morning when the pressure ended. The whole village was cut exactly as if by a 



264 



